HCl is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

Phenol is stabilized by the +M effect due to the presence of the -OH group which donates electron density.

Propyne is the most acidic due to the sp hybridization of the carbon atom involved in the triple bond.

Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean and is used as a flavoring agent.

Carotenoids are natural pigments used as food colorants.

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is commonly used as a reducing agent.

Aspartame is a widely used artificial sweetener in many food products.

All of the listed compounds are antacids used to treat heartburn.

Benzaldehyde shows a -I effect due to the carbonyl group and a +M effect due to the aromatic ring.

C6H5NO2 is most stable due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the -NO2 group, which stabilizes the negative charge through resonance.

MgCl2 dissociates into 3 ions (1 Mg²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻), leading to the highest boiling point elevation due to the greatest number of particles.

C6H5OH has the highest electron density at the ortho position due to the +M effect of the -OH group.

Aniline has the highest electron density due to the +M effect of the amino group.

3-chloropropane is a tertiary haloalkane, which favors the SN1 mechanism due to the formation of a stable tertiary carbocation.

FCH2COOH is the most acidic due to the strong -I effect of the fluorine atom.

Phenol is stabilized by the +M effect due to the presence of the -OH group, which donates electron density.

Total internal reflection occurs only when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

A rigid body is in static equilibrium when both the sum of forces and the sum of moments about any point are zero.

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

A reaction is favored when it has low ΔH (exothermic) and high ΔS (increased disorder).

Increasing temperature for an exothermic reaction (ΔH < 0) can lead to a decrease in Gibbs Free Energy, making the reaction more spontaneous.

A high temperature and high ΔS will favor a negative ΔG, making the process spontaneous.

A positive ΔG can occur at low temperatures when the enthalpy is high, making the reaction non-spontaneous.

A spontaneous reaction occurs when ΔG < 0. This is true for ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0, as it leads to a negative ΔG.

Ampere's Law is applicable to configurations with symmetry, such as a long straight wire carrying current.

A Wheatstone bridge can be formed using a combination of series and parallel resistors.

The configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 is incorrect as it exceeds the maximum number of electrons in the 3rd shell.

The configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 corresponds to Neon, a noble gas.

The configuration [Kr] 5s2 4d5 represents Molybdenum (Mo), a transition metal.