Nucleotides in an RNA strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds.

Fiber is classified as a complex carbohydrate.

Affinity chromatography is commonly used for separating proteins based on specific interactions.

HPLC is classified as liquid chromatography, as it uses a liquid mobile phase to separate components.

Elastic cartilage provides flexible support and is found in structures such as the external ear.

The flame ionization detector is commonly used for detecting organic compounds in gas chromatography.

Vibrio cholerae typically causes profuse, watery diarrhea, often described as 'rice-water' stools.

Non-sporing anaerobes thrive in anaerobic environments where oxygen is absent.

Transitional epithelium is specialized to allow stretching and is found in the urinary bladder.

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the alveoli, allowing for efficient gas exchange due to its thin structure.

All of the listed fermentation types (lactic acid, alcoholic, and acetic acid) are primarily anaerobic processes.

Sauerkraut is made through lactic acid fermentation, which preserves the cabbage.

Raw shellfish, particularly oysters, are commonly associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.

Some viruses contain DNA, while others contain RNA; some can even have both.

Bacteriophages typically inject DNA into bacterial cells, which can then integrate into the host genome.

Retroviridae viruses contain single-stranded RNA as their genetic material.

Astroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome.

Streptococcus pyogenes exhibits beta hemolysis on blood agar.

Monoclonal antibodies primarily elicit an adaptive immune response by targeting specific antigens.

Cell-mediated immunity is crucial in controlling Mycobacterium infections, particularly tuberculosis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause a wide range of infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis in immunocompromised patients.

Suppurative inflammation is characterized by the formation of pus, which consists of dead neutrophils, bacteria, and tissue debris.

UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information on the concentration of analytes based on their absorbance at specific wavelengths.

FTIR spectroscopy provides information about the chemical structure of a sample by identifying functional groups and molecular bonds.

Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide and carbonyl groups stabilize the secondary structure, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

The knee is classified as a hinge joint, allowing for flexion and extension.

The shoulder joint is classified as a ball-and-socket joint, allowing for a wide range of motion in multiple directions.

Enriched media are used to grow bacteria that require specific nutrients that are not present in standard media.

Chemolithotrophy is the metabolism used by bacteria that oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds for energy.

Candida albicans is a fungus that can cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.