The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. What is the primary oxidation state of hydrogen in most of its compounds?
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Solution
Hydrogen typically exhibits a +1 oxidation state in its compounds, such as HCl and H2O.
Correct Answer:
C
— +1
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Q. What is the primary oxidation state of iron in Fe2O3?
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Solution
In Fe2O3, iron has an oxidation state of +3, as the total charge of the compound must equal zero.
Correct Answer:
C
— +3
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Q. What is the primary oxidation state of iron in iron(III) oxide?
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Solution
In iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron has an oxidation state of +3.
Correct Answer:
C
— +3
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Q. What is the primary oxidation state of iron in the mineral hematite?
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Solution
In hematite (Fe2O3), iron is primarily in the +3 oxidation state.
Correct Answer:
C
— +3
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Q. What is the primary oxidation state of manganese in potassium permanganate (KMnO4)?
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Solution
In potassium permanganate, manganese has an oxidation state of +7, which is characteristic of its highest oxidation state.
Correct Answer:
D
— +7
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Q. What is the primary principle behind ion chromatography?
A.
Size exclusion
B.
Ion exchange
C.
Affinity
D.
Adsorption
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Solution
Ion chromatography operates on the principle of ion exchange, separating ions based on their charge.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ion exchange
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Q. What is the primary principle behind the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for qualitative analysis?
A.
Separation based on boiling point
B.
Separation based on solubility
C.
Separation based on size
D.
Separation based on charge
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Solution
TLC separates compounds based on their solubility in the mobile phase and their interaction with the stationary phase.
Correct Answer:
B
— Separation based on solubility
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Q. What is the primary principle behind UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
Separation of components based on size
B.
Absorption of light by molecules
C.
Ion migration in an electric field
D.
Chemical reaction with a titrant
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Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is based on the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by molecules, which causes electronic transitions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Absorption of light by molecules
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Q. What is the primary product of the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl?
A.
Hydrogen gas
B.
Chlorine gas
C.
Sodium hydroxide
D.
Sodium chloride
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Solution
During the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl, chlorine gas is produced at the anode due to the oxidation of chloride ions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Chlorine gas
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Q. What is the primary product of the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
A.
Sodium metal
B.
Chlorine gas
C.
Sodium hydroxide
D.
Hydrogen gas
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Solution
The electrolysis of molten sodium chloride produces sodium metal at the cathode and chlorine gas at the anode.
Correct Answer:
A
— Sodium metal
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and sodium ethoxide?
A.
2-methylpropene
B.
1-bromo-2-methylpropane
C.
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
D.
2-methylpropyl ethyl ether
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Solution
The reaction is an elimination reaction (E2) where sodium ethoxide acts as a strong base, leading to the formation of 2-methylpropene.
Correct Answer:
A
— 2-methylpropene
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base?
A.
Salt
B.
Water
C.
Hydrogen gas
D.
Carbon dioxide
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Solution
The primary products of a strong acid and strong base reaction are salt and water, but salt is the main focus.
Correct Answer:
A
— Salt
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between an acid and a base?
A.
Salt
B.
Water
C.
Hydrogen gas
D.
Carbon dioxide
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Solution
The primary products of an acid-base reaction are salt and water.
Correct Answer:
A
— Salt
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
A.
Ozone
B.
Water
C.
Hydrogen peroxide
D.
Hydrochloric acid
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Solution
The primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is water (H2O).
Correct Answer:
B
— Water
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between NaOH and HCl?
A.
NaCl
B.
H2O
C.
NaCl and H2O
D.
NaH
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Solution
The reaction between NaOH and HCl produces NaCl (sodium chloride) and H2O (water) as products.
Correct Answer:
C
— NaCl and H2O
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid?
A.
Zinc chloride
B.
Hydrogen gas
C.
Zinc hydroxide
D.
Zinc oxide
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Solution
The reaction produces zinc chloride and hydrogen gas as a byproduct.
Correct Answer:
A
— Zinc chloride
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Q. What is the primary product when hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas?
A.
HCl
B.
Cl2
C.
H2Cl2
D.
H2O
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Solution
The reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and chlorine gas (Cl2) produces hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Correct Answer:
A
— HCl
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Q. What is the primary product when hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas?
A.
Water
B.
Hydrogen peroxide
C.
Ozone
D.
Hydrochloric acid
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Solution
The primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is water (H2O).
Correct Answer:
A
— Water
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Q. What is the primary product when hydrogen reacts with a metal oxide?
A.
Water
B.
Metal
C.
Hydroxide
D.
Salt
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Solution
When hydrogen reacts with a metal oxide, the primary product is the corresponding metal.
Correct Answer:
B
— Metal
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Q. What is the primary product when hydrogen reacts with chlorine gas?
A.
HCl
B.
H2Cl2
C.
Cl2
D.
H2O
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Solution
The primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine gas is hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Correct Answer:
A
— HCl
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Q. What is the primary product when NaOH reacts with HCl?
A.
NaCl
B.
H2O
C.
NaCl and H2O
D.
NaOH
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Solution
The reaction between NaOH and HCl produces NaCl (sodium chloride) and H2O (water).
Correct Answer:
C
— NaCl and H2O
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Q. What is the primary purpose of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell?
A.
Maintain charge balance
B.
Increase reaction rate
C.
Enhance conductivity
D.
Store energy
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Solution
A salt bridge maintains charge balance by allowing ions to flow between the two half-cells, preventing charge buildup.
Correct Answer:
A
— Maintain charge balance
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Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration in analytical chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To measure the pH of a solution
C.
To separate components of a mixture
D.
To identify unknown compounds
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Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
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Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration in organic chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To separate compounds
C.
To identify functional groups
D.
To measure boiling points
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Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
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Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To measure the temperature of a solution
C.
To calculate the pH of a solution
D.
To identify the solubility of a compound
Show solution
Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
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Q. What is the primary purpose of adding flux during the metallurgy process?
A.
To reduce oxidation
B.
To increase melting point
C.
To remove impurities
D.
To enhance conductivity
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Solution
Flux is added to remove impurities from the metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
C
— To remove impurities
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Q. What is the primary purpose of alloying metals?
A.
To decrease strength
B.
To improve corrosion resistance
C.
To increase melting point
D.
To reduce weight
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Solution
Alloying metals is primarily done to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and other physical characteristics.
Correct Answer:
B
— To improve corrosion resistance
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Q. What is the primary purpose of qualitative analysis in analytical chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a substance
B.
To identify the components of a mixture
C.
To measure the physical properties of a substance
D.
To quantify the reaction rate
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Solution
Qualitative analysis is focused on identifying the components present in a sample rather than quantifying them.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the components of a mixture
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Q. What is the primary purpose of qualitative analysis in ion detection?
A.
To determine the concentration of ions
B.
To identify the presence of specific ions
C.
To separate ions from a mixture
D.
To quantify the total ion content
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Solution
Qualitative analysis focuses on identifying the presence of specific ions in a sample rather than quantifying their concentrations.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of specific ions
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Q. What is the primary purpose of roasting in metallurgy?
A.
To reduce metal oxides
B.
To remove impurities
C.
To convert sulfide ores to oxides
D.
To increase metal yield
Show solution
Solution
Roasting is used to convert sulfide ores into oxides, making them easier to reduce.
Correct Answer:
C
— To convert sulfide ores to oxides
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