Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, providing essential nutrients like phosphorus in exchange for carbohydrates.

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus.

Plant classifications help identify endangered species, which is crucial for conservation efforts.

Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen, playing a crucial role in the carbon cycle.

Pollinators play a crucial role in the evolution of flowering plants by increasing genetic diversity through cross-pollination.

Seed banks preserve seeds from various plant species, maintaining genetic diversity and providing resources for future restoration efforts.

T helper cells assist in activating B cells and cytotoxic T cells, playing a central role in coordinating the immune response.

Terpenes contribute to the aroma of plants and have various therapeutic effects.

Terpenes attract pollinators and can deter herbivores, aiding in plant reproduction.

NADPH acts as an electron donor in the Calvin cycle, providing the reducing power for carbon fixation.

RuBisCO is the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

The liver detoxifies harmful substances and produces bile, which aids in fat digestion.

Water acts as a source of electrons in the light reactions, which are used to replace those lost by chlorophyll.

Water provides electrons through the process of photolysis during the light reactions.

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the embryo, while the outer layer forms the placenta.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

The genotype refers to the specific genetic constitution of an organism, while the phenotype is the observable expression of that genotype.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and are primarily responsible for nutrient and gas exchange.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups, forming the backbone of the DNA strand.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups in the DNA backbone, providing structural stability.

Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases hold the two strands of DNA together.

Meristematic tissues grow through mitosis, allowing for the production of new cells for growth.

Chlorenchyma cells, which contain chloroplasts, are specialized for photosynthesis.

Cytotoxic T cells are the main effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response, responsible for killing infected cells.

Parenchyma cells are often involved in the storage of starch and other carbohydrates in plants.