Histones are proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes, playing a key role in gene regulation.

Membrane transport proteins assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane, either passively or actively.

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest pathogens as part of the immune response.

Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, thus playing a critical role in deactivating signaling pathways.

Primase synthesizes short RNA primers needed for DNA polymerase to start replication.

The complement system enhances inflammation, opsonizes pathogens, and can directly lyse them.

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of lipids and proteins, with rough ER being studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

HPLC provides faster separation and higher resolution compared to other chromatography methods.

Gas chromatography offers higher sensitivity for volatile compounds compared to liquid chromatography.

HPLC provides high resolution and speed, making it a powerful technique for protein purification.

One of the main advantages of Raman spectroscopy is that it typically requires no sample preparation, allowing for in situ analysis.

Recombinant antibodies can be produced in large quantities, are often more stable, and can be engineered for specific functions.

The complement fixation test is primarily used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's serum.

Fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, are the primary dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids.

The main disadvantage of paper chromatography is its low resolution compared to other methods.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency of the cell, used for various cellular processes.

Flow cytometry is primarily used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of cells in a fluid as they pass through a laser.

Lipids, particularly phospholipids, provide structural support and form the bilayer of biological membranes.

The main purpose of cellular respiration is to convert glucose into ATP, which is usable energy for cells.

Glycogen is the main storage form of carbohydrates in the body.

The net yield of ATP from glycolysis is 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

The normal pH range of human blood is 7.35 to 7.45.

Pure water has a neutral pH of 7 at 25°C.

The pKa of the carboxyl group in amino acids is typically around 2, indicating its acidic nature.

UV luminance spectroscopy is primarily used to assess skin damage from UV exposure, helping to evaluate the risk of skin cancer.

A triglyceride is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Denaturation typically results in a loss of protein function.

Insulin binding to its receptor primarily leads to increased glucose uptake by cells.

The primary end product of glycolysis is pyruvate, which is formed from glucose.

RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.