MRSA is significant because it is resistant to multiple antibiotics, making it harder to treat.

Passaging is the process of transferring cells to new culture vessels to increase the number of cells and prevent overcrowding.

The pH of plant tissue culture media affects nutrient availability and overall cell growth.

Plasmids can carry antibiotic resistance genes and are important in horizontal gene transfer.

Soil pH significantly affects microbial diversity and activity.

SAR helps in optimizing the potency and efficacy of therapeutic agents.

The 'gene of interest' is the specific DNA sequence that researchers aim to clone and manipulate in recombinant DNA technology.

The maximum specific growth rate indicates the fastest growth rate of microorganisms during fermentation under optimal conditions.

The passage number indicates how many times the cells have been subcultured, which is important for maintaining cell characteristics.

The tail structure of bacteriophages is crucial for attaching to and injecting their genetic material into host bacteria.

The affinity of an antibody for its antigen affects the strength of the binding interaction, which is crucial for effective immune response.

The annealing temperature is crucial as it affects the specificity of primer binding to the target DNA.

The AUG codon codes for methionine and serves as the start codon for translation.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary tool that allows for precise editing of plant genomes.

The equilibrium constant (K) reflects the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium, indicating the extent of the reaction.

The lac operon is a set of genes that regulates the metabolism of lactose in E. coli, allowing it to utilize lactose as an energy source.

The nitrogen cycle is crucial for recycling nitrogen in various forms, making it available for plant use.

PCR is significant because it amplifies specific DNA sequences, making it easier to work with small amounts of DNA.

p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and helps prevent the proliferation of cells with damaged DNA.

The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.

Tumor grading is significant as it predicts the tumor's behavior and prognosis based on the degree of differentiation and histological features.

Buffers are used during protein purification to maintain pH and ionic strength, which are critical for protein stability and solubility.

Viral load measures the number of viral particles in the blood, which is crucial for monitoring HIV treatment efficacy.

Antibodies are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, forming a Y-shaped structure that allows for antigen binding.

DNA is commonly described as a double helix, consisting of two strands wound around each other.

The sugar component of RNA is ribose, which differs from deoxyribose found in DNA.

Transgenic animals are those that have had their genome altered by the transfer of a gene from another species.

Anaerobes are bacteria that can grow in the absence of oxygen.

Halophiles are bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations.

Affinity refers to the strength of the interaction between an antibody and its specific antigen.