Botany is the branch of Biology that focuses on the study of plants , their structure, functions, growth, reproduction, and role in the environment. This category is curated for school students (Classes 6–12) and undergraduate learners to build strong fundamentals with exam-focused clarity.
In this section, you’ll explore:
Plant morphology, anatomy, and physiology explained step-by-step
Reproduction in plants , development, and life cycles
Cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology concepts related to plants
Ecology and plant diversity with real-world relevance
Important questions, MCQs, diagrams, and revision notes for exams
The content is aligned with NCERT , school boards, and UG syllabi , making it highly useful for school exams, NEET preparation, and college assessments . Concepts are explained in simple language with a focus on understanding, not rote learning.
Build a strong foundation in plant sciences and master Botany with confidence.
Q. Which of the following is NOT a phase of plant growth?
A.
Maturation
B.
Germination
C.
Juvenile
D.
Reproductive
Show solution
Solution
Maturation is not a recognized phase of plant growth; the main phases are germination, juvenile, and reproductive.
Correct Answer:
A
— Maturation
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a product of the light reactions?
A.
ATP
B.
NADPH
C.
Glucose
D.
Oxygen
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Solution
Glucose is not produced during the light reactions; it is synthesized in the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
C
— Glucose
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions?
A.
ATP
B.
NADPH
C.
Oxygen
D.
Glucose
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Solution
Glucose is not produced in the light-dependent reactions; it is produced in the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
D
— Glucose
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a stage of photosynthesis?
A.
Light-dependent reactions
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
Light-independent reactions
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Solution
The Krebs cycle is part of cellular respiration, not photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
C
— Krebs cycle
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a type of meristematic tissue?
A.
Apical meristem
B.
Lateral meristem
C.
Intercalary meristem
D.
Cork cambium
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Solution
Cork cambium is a type of lateral meristem, but it is not classified as a meristematic tissue in the same sense as apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems.
Correct Answer:
D
— Cork cambium
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Q. Which of the following is NOT a type of plant tissue?
A.
Meristematic
B.
Vascular
C.
Dermal
D.
Epithelial
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Solution
Epithelial tissue is not a type of plant tissue; it is found in animals.
Correct Answer:
D
— Epithelial
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Q. Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic ranks from broadest to most specific?
A.
Kingdom, Class, Order, Family
B.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order
C.
Phylum, Class, Order, Family
D.
Class, Order, Family, Genus
Show solution
Solution
The correct order of taxonomic ranks from broadest to most specific is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order.
Correct Answer:
B
— Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order
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Q. Which of the following is the largest group of flowering plants?
A.
Monocots
B.
Dicots
C.
Gymnosperms
D.
Ferns
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Solution
Monocots are the largest group of flowering plants.
Correct Answer:
A
— Monocots
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Q. Which of the following microbes is commonly used in the production of yogurt?
A.
Lactobacillus
B.
Escherichia coli
C.
Bacillus subtilis
D.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Solution
Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that ferments lactose to produce lactic acid, which is essential in yogurt production.
Correct Answer:
A
— Lactobacillus
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Q. Which of the following microbes is essential for the fermentation process in bread making?
A.
Yeast
B.
Mold
C.
Bacteria
D.
Virus
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Solution
Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ferments sugars to produce carbon dioxide, causing the bread to rise.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yeast
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Q. Which of the following microbes is used in the production of vinegar?
A.
Lactobacillus
B.
Acetobacter
C.
Bacillus
D.
Clostridium
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Solution
Acetobacter is a genus of bacteria that converts ethanol into acetic acid, the main component of vinegar.
Correct Answer:
B
— Acetobacter
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is characterized by having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary?
A.
Angiosperms
B.
Gymnosperms
C.
Bryophytes
D.
Pteridophytes
Show solution
Solution
Gymnosperms are characterized by having seeds that are exposed or not enclosed within an ovary.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gymnosperms
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is characterized by the presence of seeds?
A.
Mosses
B.
Ferns
C.
Gymnosperms
D.
Liverworts
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Solution
Gymnosperms are characterized by the presence of seeds, which are often exposed on cones.
Correct Answer:
C
— Gymnosperms
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is characterized by the presence of vascular tissue?
A.
Bryophytes
B.
Pteridophytes
C.
Mosses
D.
Liverworts
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Solution
Pteridophytes, such as ferns, have vascular tissue, which allows for the transport of water and nutrients.
Correct Answer:
B
— Pteridophytes
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for having a dominant sporophyte generation?
A.
Mosses
B.
Ferns
C.
Liverworts
D.
Green algae
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Solution
Ferns have a dominant sporophyte generation, which is the leafy part of the plant that produces spores.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ferns
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for having a double fertilization process?
A.
Bryophytes
B.
Pteridophytes
C.
Gymnosperms
D.
Angiosperms
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Solution
Angiosperms undergo double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another forms the endosperm.
Correct Answer:
D
— Angiosperms
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for having true roots, stems, and leaves?
A.
Mosses
B.
Ferns
C.
Liverworts
D.
Algae
Show solution
Solution
Ferns are vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and leaves, distinguishing them from non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ferns
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for having vascular tissue?
A.
Mosses
B.
Liverworts
C.
Ferns
D.
Algae
Show solution
Solution
Ferns are vascular plants, which means they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients.
Correct Answer:
C
— Ferns
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for having vascular tissues?
A.
Mosses
B.
Liverworts
C.
Ferns
D.
Algae
Show solution
Solution
Ferns are known for having vascular tissues.
Correct Answer:
C
— Ferns
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for its ability to survive in extreme environments?
A.
Angiosperms
B.
Gymnosperms
C.
Bryophytes
D.
Xerophytes
Show solution
Solution
Xerophytes are specialized plants that can survive in extreme environments, such as deserts.
Correct Answer:
D
— Xerophytes
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is known for producing spores instead of seeds?
A.
Angiosperms
B.
Gymnosperms
C.
Ferns
D.
Cycads
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Solution
Ferns reproduce via spores, while angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce via seeds.
Correct Answer:
C
— Ferns
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is primarily adapted to dry environments?
A.
Hydrophytes
B.
Xerophytes
C.
Mesophytes
D.
Halophytes
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Solution
Xerophytes are plants that have adapted to survive in dry environments, often featuring specialized structures to conserve water.
Correct Answer:
B
— Xerophytes
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is primarily aquatic?
A.
Mosses
B.
Liverworts
C.
Algae
D.
Ferns
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Solution
Algae are primarily aquatic and can be found in various water bodies, unlike the other groups listed.
Correct Answer:
C
— Algae
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Q. Which of the following plant groups is primarily non-vascular?
A.
Ferns
B.
Mosses
C.
Gymnosperms
D.
Angiosperms
Show solution
Solution
Mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.
Correct Answer:
B
— Mosses
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Q. Which of the following plant hormones is primarily responsible for promoting cell elongation?
A.
Auxins
B.
Gibberellins
C.
Cytokinins
D.
Ethylene
Show solution
Solution
Gibberellins are known to promote cell elongation and are important for growth.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gibberellins
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Q. Which of the following plant structures is most directly involved in the process of evolution through adaptation?
A.
Roots
B.
Leaves
C.
Flowers
D.
Stems
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Solution
Flowers are directly involved in reproduction and can adapt to attract specific pollinators, influencing evolutionary outcomes.
Correct Answer:
C
— Flowers
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Q. Which of the following plant structures is primarily involved in gas exchange?
A.
Roots
B.
Stomata
C.
Xylem
D.
Phloem
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Solution
Stomata are small openings on the surfaces of leaves that allow for gas exchange, including the intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen.
Correct Answer:
B
— Stomata
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Q. Which of the following plant types is non-vascular?
A.
Ferns
B.
Mosses
C.
Conifers
D.
Flowering plants
Show solution
Solution
Mosses are non-vascular plants that do not have specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.
Correct Answer:
B
— Mosses
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Q. Which of the following plants is known for its unique method of apomixis?
A.
Dandelion
B.
Oak tree
C.
Rose
D.
Cactus
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Solution
Dandelions can reproduce through apomixis, where seeds are produced without fertilization, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
Correct Answer:
A
— Dandelion
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Q. Which of the following plants primarily relies on wind for pollination?
A.
Roses
B.
Corn
C.
Orchids
D.
Daisies
Show solution
Solution
Corn is an example of a plant that relies on wind for pollination, as it produces lightweight pollen that can be easily carried by the wind.
Correct Answer:
B
— Corn
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