The scientific name for the division that includes ferns is Pteridophyta.

Actinobacteria are important for soil health as they produce antibiotics and help decompose organic matter.

Alkaloids have significant medicinal properties and can affect human health.

Antioxidants help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining health.

Apomixis allows plants to produce seeds without fertilization, maintaining the parent plant's genetic makeup.

Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Endophytes are beneficial microbes that live within plant tissues and can enhance growth and stress resistance.

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and comparison.

Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity, which is important for adaptation and evolution in plants.

Genetic variation is crucial for evolution as it enhances survival and adaptability to changing environments.

Genetic variation is crucial for the adaptability and survival of plant populations, allowing them to respond to environmental changes.

Mycorrhizal associations enhance nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus, benefiting plant growth.

Mycorrhizal associations improve nutrient and water uptake for plants, which can enhance overall health and reproductive success.

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, improving nutrient and water uptake, which can enhance reproductive success.

Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the length of day and night, which controls flowering time.

Photosynthesis sequesters carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in the global carbon cycle.

Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds in plants that have health-promoting properties, contributing to disease prevention.

Plant taxonomy is crucial in agriculture as it assists in breeding programs by identifying and classifying different plant species for improved crop varieties.

Seed dispersal is significant as it helps spread offspring to new locations, reducing competition and increasing survival chances.

Seed dormancy allows seeds to survive unfavorable conditions until the environment is suitable for germination.

Terpenes contribute to the aromatic properties of plants and have various health benefits.

Denaturation involves heating the reaction mixture to separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

'Golden Rice' is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency in populations that rely on rice as a staple food.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments during cloning.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that allow for the easy joining of DNA fragments during cloning.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that allow for the easy ligation of DNA fragments during recombinant DNA technology.

'Sticky ends' created by certain restriction enzymes allow for easier ligation of DNA fragments by providing complementary overhangs.

The 5' and 3' ends of a DNA strand indicate the direction of replication and transcription, as nucleic acids are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and facilitate its recognition and translation by ribosomes.

The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and facilitate its translation by ribosomes.