NADH acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, and promoting renal reabsorption of calcium.

Pasteurization is a heat treatment process that destroys harmful microorganisms in food and beverages.

Pharmacokinetics assesses how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.

Phosphofructokinase is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the rate of glycolysis.

Plasmids often carry genes that confer antibiotic resistance to bacteria.

Primers are short sequences of nucleotides that initiate DNA synthesis by providing a starting point for Taq polymerase.

Protozoa help regulate bacterial populations by feeding on them, thus influencing microbial dynamics.

Regulatory sequences are regions of DNA that control the timing and level of gene expression by facilitating or inhibiting transcription.

Release factors are proteins that recognize stop codons and terminate translation.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA, which is important for creating complementary DNA (cDNA) in recombinant DNA technology.

Rhizobium bacteria form symbiotic relationships with legumes, fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a crucial role in the translation of mRNA into proteins.

RNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in stabilizing RNA structures and regulating RNA metabolism, including splicing and transport.

Serum provides essential growth factors, hormones, and nutrients necessary for the growth and maintenance of animal cells in culture.

Serum provides essential nutrients, hormones, and growth factors necessary for cell growth and maintenance.

Single-strand binding proteins bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent it from re-annealing during replication.

Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation and fusion.

Tendons connect muscle to bone, allowing for movement.

The 5' cap is crucial for initiating translation and protecting mRNA from degradation.

The amygdala is primarily involved in processing emotions, especially fear and pleasure.

The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.

The buffer maintains pH and conducts electricity, allowing the DNA or proteins to migrate through the gel.

The complement system enhances phagocytosis and can directly lyse pathogens when activated by antibody-antigen complexes.

The electron transport chain is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP using the energy from electrons.

The EPA is responsible for enforcing federal environmental laws and regulations.

The F factor (fertility factor) encodes the genes necessary for the formation of a pilus, enabling conjugation.

The gallbladder's role is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver.

Promoters are sequences that regulate the expression of genes by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

The hyoid bone supports the tongue and serves as an attachment point for muscles.