Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant fertilizes the ovule.

Wind-pollinated plants typically produce large amounts of lightweight pollen to increase the chances of successful pollination.

Developing drought-resistant crops is a significant application of biotechnology in agriculture, helping to ensure food security in arid regions.

Biotechnology is often used in forestry to develop pest-resistant tree species, helping to protect forests from invasive pests.

Bioremediation of contaminated soils is a common application of plant biotechnology, using plants to clean up environmental pollutants.

Recombinant DNA technology is used in gene therapy, antibiotic production, and plant breeding.

All of the above methods—electroporation, microinjection, and gene gun—are commonly used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells.

Wind is a common method of seed dispersal, allowing seeds to travel long distances from the parent plant.

Dicots are characterized by having two cotyledons and net-like leaf venation.

Humidity affects the rate of transpiration; lower humidity increases transpiration rates due to a greater water vapor gradient.

Gymnosperms reproduce using cones, which contain their seeds.

The cuticle is a waxy layer that helps to reduce water loss from the plant surface.

Pollination by insects has significantly influenced the evolution of flowering plants, promoting diversity and adaptation.

Angiosperms are characterized by the presence of flowers, seeds, and vascular tissue.

Dicotyledons typically exhibit net-like leaf venation and have two seed leaves (cotyledons).

Gymnosperms are characterized by having naked seeds, not enclosed in fruits.

Monocots are characterized by having parallel leaf venation and one cotyledon.

The presence of chlorophyll is a key feature that distinguishes plants from other kingdoms, allowing them to perform photosynthesis.

Temperature and precipitation changes are major factors driving plant evolution as they directly affect plant survival and distribution.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium used as a biocontrol agent to target specific insect pests.

Pollination is a method of plant reproduction that involves the transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures.

Grafting is a method of asexual reproduction that does not involve seeds, allowing for the propagation of specific plant varieties.

Stem cell therapy has the potential to regenerate damaged tissues and treat various diseases.

One potential risk of genetically modified plants is the unintended effects they may have on non-target species in the ecosystem.

One potential risk of GMOs is the unintended effects they may have on non-target species in the ecosystem.

The Calvin cycle produces glucose as a product of carbon fixation.

Glucose is a product of the dark reactions (Calvin cycle) where carbon fixation occurs.

NADPH is a product of the light reactions that is used in the Calvin cycle.

NADPH is a product of the light-dependent reactions that is used in the Calvin cycle.