Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes by helping to bind substrates and facilitate reactions.

Cofactors assist in the catalytic process by helping the enzyme to perform its function more effectively.

Competence factors enhance the ability of bacteria to take up DNA from their environment during transformation.

Dietary fiber aids in digestion by promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation.

Disulfide bonds form between cysteine residues and help stabilize the tertiary structure of peptides and proteins.

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands during the repair process.

Encapsulation in synthetic seeds serves to protect the embryo from environmental stress and damage.

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions during fermentation, facilitating the conversion of substrates into products.

Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas used to sterilize heat-sensitive medical equipment.

Feedback mechanisms help maintain stability in the body by detecting changes and initiating responses to counteract those changes.

Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver.

Glutamine acts as a nitrogen donor in various biosynthetic reactions, including nucleotide synthesis.

Glutamine serves as a major nitrogen transporter in the body, playing a key role in nitrogen metabolism.

HDL cholesterol helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Histamine plays a key role in increasing vascular permeability and causing vasodilation during the inflammatory response.

IgE antibodies are primarily involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections.

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels and promoting energy storage.

Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Integrase is responsible for integrating the viral DNA into the host genome during the life cycle of Retroviridae.

Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord, facilitating the reflex response.

Interneurons serve to connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the reflex pathway, facilitating the reflex action.

Lactose permease is a membrane protein that facilitates the transport of lactose into the E. coli cell.

Legumes form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, allowing them to utilize atmospheric nitrogen.

Ligase is used to join DNA fragments together after they have been cut by restriction enzymes.

Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms.

Memory cells are long-lived cells that remember past infections, allowing for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.

Monoclonal antibodies can reduce viral load in patients with COVID-19.

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific cells or proteins, making them useful in treatments for various diseases, including cancer.

Mycelium is the vegetative part of fungi and is responsible for nutrient absorption.