Biology is the science of life — from the tiniest cell to the most complex human systems. This category is designed to support school students (Classes 6–12) as well as undergraduate (UG) learners with clear explanations, exam-focused content, and concept-building resources. You’ll find:
Concept-wise explanations aligned with NCERT and common UG syllabi
Important questions & answers for school exams, NEET foundation, and college tests
Human physiology, genetics, ecology, biotechnology, and cell biology explained simply
Practice questions, MCQs, and revision notes to strengthen understanding
Doubt-solving and conceptual clarity for competitive and academic success
Whether you’re preparing for school exams , building a strong base for NEET , or studying Biology at the undergraduate level , this section helps you learn smarter, revise faster, and understand Biology deeply — not just memorize it.
Learn life sciences the right way — clear concepts, exam relevance, and real understanding.
Q. What is the primary target of the hepatitis B vaccine?
A.
Hepatitis A virus
B.
Hepatitis B virus
C.
Hepatitis C virus
D.
HIV
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Solution
The hepatitis B vaccine is designed to protect against the hepatitis B virus, which can cause serious liver disease.
Correct Answer:
B
— Hepatitis B virus
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Q. What is the primary vector for the transmission of malaria?
A.
Aedes mosquito
B.
Culex mosquito
C.
Anopheles mosquito
D.
Tsetse fly
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Solution
The Anopheles mosquito is the primary vector responsible for transmitting the malaria parasite to humans.
Correct Answer:
C
— Anopheles mosquito
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Q. What is the probability of obtaining a heterozygous offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
A.
0
B.
1/4
C.
1/2
D.
3/4
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Solution
The probability of obtaining a heterozygous offspring (Aa) from a cross of Aa x Aa is 1/2.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1/2
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Q. What is the probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
A.
0.25
B.
0.50
C.
0.75
D.
1.00
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Solution
The probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring (aa) from a cross of Aa x Aa is 0.25 or 25%.
Correct Answer:
A
— 0.25
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Q. What is the process by which organisms change over time through adaptations?
A.
Natural selection
B.
Genetic drift
C.
Mutation
D.
Speciation
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Solution
Natural selection is the process by which organisms change over time through adaptations that enhance survival and reproduction.
Correct Answer:
A
— Natural selection
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Q. What is the process of converting mRNA into a protein called?
A.
Transcription
B.
Translation
C.
Replication
D.
Translocation
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Solution
The process of converting mRNA into a protein is called translation.
Correct Answer:
B
— Translation
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Q. What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
A.
To determine the DNA sequence
B.
To predict the genotype ratios of offspring
C.
To analyze protein structure
D.
To measure gene expression
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Solution
A Punnett square is used to predict the genotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross.
Correct Answer:
B
— To predict the genotype ratios of offspring
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Q. What is the purpose of bioremediation?
A.
To produce biofuels
B.
To clean up environmental contaminants
C.
To enhance soil fertility
D.
To create new pharmaceuticals
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Solution
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, such as oil spills.
Correct Answer:
B
— To clean up environmental contaminants
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Q. What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in molecular biology?
A.
To amplify DNA
B.
To separate DNA fragments by size
C.
To clone DNA
D.
To synthesize RNA
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Solution
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size, allowing for analysis and visualization.
Correct Answer:
B
— To separate DNA fragments by size
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Q. What is the purpose of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding?
A.
To identify plants with desirable traits
B.
To increase genetic diversity
C.
To enhance photosynthetic efficiency
D.
To reduce water requirements
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Solution
Marker-assisted selection helps breeders identify plants that carry desirable traits based on genetic markers.
Correct Answer:
A
— To identify plants with desirable traits
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Q. What is the purpose of using biopesticides in plant biotechnology?
A.
To enhance plant growth
B.
To control pest populations
C.
To improve seed germination
D.
To increase photosynthetic efficiency
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Solution
Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
Correct Answer:
B
— To control pest populations
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Q. What is the purpose of using marker-assisted selection in plant breeding?
A.
To identify and select plants with desirable traits
B.
To enhance photosynthetic efficiency
C.
To increase seed size
D.
To improve soil fertility
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Solution
Marker-assisted selection is used to identify and select plants with desirable traits more efficiently in breeding programs.
Correct Answer:
A
— To identify and select plants with desirable traits
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Q. What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in molecular biology?
A.
To amplify DNA
B.
To cut DNA at specific sequences
C.
To synthesize RNA
D.
To visualize proteins
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Solution
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the manipulation and cloning of DNA fragments.
Correct Answer:
B
— To cut DNA at specific sequences
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Q. What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
A.
To amplify DNA
B.
To cut DNA at specific sequences
C.
To synthesize RNA
D.
To clone entire genomes
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Solution
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of foreign DNA into vectors.
Correct Answer:
B
— To cut DNA at specific sequences
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Q. What is the purpose of using reverse transcriptase in molecular biology?
A.
To synthesize DNA from RNA
B.
To amplify DNA
C.
To cut DNA at specific sites
D.
To clone DNA
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Solution
Reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template.
Correct Answer:
A
— To synthesize DNA from RNA
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Q. What is the recommended contact time for a 10% bleach solution to effectively disinfect surfaces?
A.
1 minute
B.
5 minutes
C.
10 minutes
D.
15 minutes
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Solution
A 10% bleach solution is recommended to be in contact with surfaces for at least 5 minutes for effective disinfection.
Correct Answer:
B
— 5 minutes
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Q. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in plants?
A.
They are the same process
B.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen for respiration
C.
Respiration produces glucose for photosynthesis
D.
They occur in different organisms
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Solution
Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is then used in respiration, highlighting their interdependent relationship.
Correct Answer:
B
— Photosynthesis produces oxygen for respiration
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Q. What is the role of a biological indicator in sterilization processes?
A.
To measure temperature
B.
To confirm the presence of microorganisms
C.
To verify the effectiveness of sterilization
D.
To disinfect surfaces
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Solution
Biological indicators are used to verify the effectiveness of sterilization by demonstrating that spores have been killed.
Correct Answer:
C
— To verify the effectiveness of sterilization
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Q. What is the role of a biological indicator in sterilization?
A.
To measure temperature
B.
To confirm the presence of microorganisms
C.
To verify the effectiveness of the sterilization process
D.
To indicate the type of sterilization method used
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Solution
Biological indicators are used to verify the effectiveness of the sterilization process by confirming the destruction of specific microorganisms.
Correct Answer:
C
— To verify the effectiveness of the sterilization process
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Q. What is the role of a vector in recombinant DNA technology?
A.
To amplify RNA
B.
To carry foreign DNA into a host cell
C.
To cut DNA at specific sites
D.
To synthesize proteins
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Solution
A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell for replication and expression.
Correct Answer:
B
— To carry foreign DNA into a host cell
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Q. What is the role of abscisic acid in plants?
A.
Promotes seed germination
B.
Inhibits growth during stress
C.
Stimulates flowering
D.
Enhances fruit ripening
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Solution
Abscisic acid primarily functions to inhibit growth and promote stress responses in plants.
Correct Answer:
B
— Inhibits growth during stress
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Q. What is the role of actinobacteria in soil health?
A.
They cause plant diseases
B.
They decompose organic matter
C.
They fix carbon dioxide
D.
They produce antibiotics
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Solution
Actinobacteria play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling in soil.
Correct Answer:
B
— They decompose organic matter
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Q. What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant biotechnology?
A.
It enhances photosynthesis
B.
It acts as a vector for gene transfer
C.
It improves root growth
D.
It increases resistance to pests
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Solution
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology, facilitating the introduction of new genes into plant cells.
Correct Answer:
B
— It acts as a vector for gene transfer
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Q. What is the role of alcohol in disinfection?
A.
To kill spores
B.
To denature proteins and disrupt membranes
C.
To oxidize cellular components
D.
To inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
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Solution
Alcohol acts as a disinfectant by denaturing proteins and disrupting cellular membranes, making it effective against many microorganisms.
Correct Answer:
B
— To denature proteins and disrupt membranes
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Q. What is the role of alkaloids in plants?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Defense against herbivores
C.
Water storage
D.
Nutrient absorption
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Solution
Alkaloids serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores due to their toxicity.
Correct Answer:
B
— Defense against herbivores
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Q. What is the role of alleles in inheritance?
A.
They are the same as genes
B.
They are alternative forms of a gene
C.
They determine the environment of a plant
D.
They are only found in animals
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Solution
Alleles are different versions of a gene that can produce variations in traits among individuals.
Correct Answer:
B
— They are alternative forms of a gene
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Q. What is the role of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
A.
To provide nutrients to the fetus
B.
To cushion the fetus and allow for movement
C.
To facilitate gas exchange
D.
To regulate maternal blood pressure
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Solution
Amniotic fluid cushions the fetus, allowing for movement and protecting it from external shocks.
Correct Answer:
B
— To cushion the fetus and allow for movement
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Q. What is the role of amniotic fluid?
A.
To provide nutrients to the fetus
B.
To cushion the fetus and allow for movement
C.
To facilitate gas exchange
D.
To produce hormones
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Solution
Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus, providing cushioning and allowing for movement, which is essential for musculoskeletal development.
Correct Answer:
B
— To cushion the fetus and allow for movement
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Q. What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?
A.
Directly kill pathogens
B.
Neutralize toxins and pathogens
C.
Activate complement system
D.
All of the above
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Solution
Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins and pathogens, opsonizing for phagocytosis, and activating the complement system.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
A.
To directly kill pathogens
B.
To neutralize toxins
C.
To enhance phagocytosis
D.
All of the above
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Solution
Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins, enhancing phagocytosis, and directly targeting pathogens.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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