Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine are the standard treatment for Toxoplasma gondii infections.

The primary treatment for syphilis is antibiotics, particularly penicillin.

Ethanol is the primary type of alcohol found in both beer and wine.

Ethanol is the primary type of alcohol found in both wine and beer.

Fluoroquinolones are primarily used to treat bacterial infections.

Vancomycin is primarily used to treat serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.

Enteroviruses are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 produces Shiga toxin, which can cause severe gastrointestinal disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome.

The primary virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes is the M protein.

Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

The process of copying DNA is known as replication.

The proton motive force is the gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives ATP synthesis.

A DNA ladder serves as a size reference for comparing the lengths of DNA fragments in the gel.

Vitamins are added to support various metabolic functions in plant cells during culture.

Biological indicators are used to confirm sterility by demonstrating that the sterilization process was effective.

Buffer exchange is performed to adjust pH and ionic strength for optimal conditions in subsequent purification steps.

Downstream processing involves extracting and purifying products from fermentation broths, making it essential for product recovery.

Lyophilization is used to remove water from the product, stabilizing it for long-term storage.

Multiple cloning sites (MCS) provide several unique restriction sites for the easy insertion of DNA fragments.

Sedimentation allows heavier particles to settle at the bottom of a tank, clarifying the water.

Staining the gel allows for visualization of the separated DNA or proteins after electrophoresis.

Binary vectors allow for the insertion of multiple genes, facilitating complex traits to be introduced into plants.

A CO2 incubator maintains a controlled CO2 atmosphere, which is crucial for maintaining the pH of the culture medium.

The secondary antibody binds to the primary antibody and is often conjugated to a detectable marker to enhance signal detection.

Selectable markers are used to identify successfully transformed cells that have taken up the recombinant DNA.

Vectors are used to transport the DNA into a host cell for replication and expression.

Antibiotics are used in cell culture to prevent bacterial contamination, ensuring the integrity of the cell culture.

Deuterated solvents are used to reduce background noise and provide clearer spectra by minimizing signals from the solvent itself.

GMOs are used in agriculture to increase crop yield, enhance nutritional value, and provide resistance to pests and diseases.

Marker genes are used to identify successfully transformed cells, allowing researchers to select plants that have incorporated the desired genetic material.