The electric field outside the cylindrical surface is directly proportional to the distance from the wire.

Gauss's law applies to electric fields, not magnetic fields. The electric field around a current-carrying wire is not defined by Gauss's law.

Using Gauss's law, the electric field outside the cylinder is E = Q/(2πε₀R).

Using Gauss's law, the electric field E at a distance R from the axis of a long charged cylinder is E = Q/(2πε₀L) for points outside the cylinder.

Stress is defined as force per unit area. Doubling the diameter increases the area by a factor of four, thus reducing the stress.

Tensile stress is given by force/area. Halving the radius reduces the area by a factor of four, thus the stress quadruples for the same force.

Resistance R = ρ(L/A) = 1.68 x 10^-8 * (1 / (π(0.5 x 10^-3)²)) = 0.0424 Ω.

Damping ratio (ζ) = c / (2√(mk)) = 0.5 / (2√(2*8)) = 0.5 / (2√16) = 0.5 / 8 = 0.0625.

Amplitude after time t = A0 * e^(-t/τ) = 10 * e^(-6/3) = 10 * e^(-2) ≈ 2.5 m.

Time constant (τ) = m/c, thus c = m/τ = 1/3 = 0.333 kg/s. Using c = 2ζ√(mk), we find ζ = 0.5.

Critical angle θc = sin^(-1)(1/n) = sin^(-1)(1/2.42) ≈ 24.4°.

Numbers greater than 4 are 5 and 6. Probability = 2/6 = 1/3.

The possible outcomes greater than 2 are {3, 4, 5, 6}. The even numbers among these are {4, 6}. Thus, the probability is 2/4 = 1/2.

Even numbers on a die: 2, 4, 6. Probability = 3/6 = 1/2.

The possible outcomes greater than 2 are {3, 4, 5, 6}. The even numbers among these are {4, 6}. Thus, the probability is 2/3.

The even numbers on a die are 2, 4, and 6, which gives us 3 favorable outcomes. The total outcomes are 6. Therefore, the probability is 3/6 = 1/2.

The dipole moment p = q * d.

The dipole moment p is defined as p = q * d.

Dipole moment p = q * d = (1 × 10^-6 C) * (0.1 m) = 1 × 10^-7 C m.

Dipole moment p = q * d, if d is doubled, p also doubles.

Dipole moment p = q * d = (2 × 10^-6 C) * (0.1 m) = 2 × 10^-7 C m.

Torque τ = p × E = pE sin θ, where θ is the angle between p and E.

Angular momentum L = Iω, where I = (1/2)MR^2 for a disc.

The moment of inertia I of a disc about its axis is (1/2)MR^2. Therefore, the kinetic energy K.E. = (1/2)Iω^2 = (1/2)(1/2)MR^2ω^2 = (1/4)MR^2ω^2.

Kinetic energy K = (1/2)Iω^2, where I = (1/2)MR^2 for a disc.

The relationship between linear speed and angular speed for rolling without slipping is ω = v/R.

The disk has a lower moment of inertia compared to the ring, thus it reaches the ground first.

The disk has a smaller moment of inertia compared to the ring, hence it will reach the bottom first.

The disk has a lower moment of inertia than the ring, allowing it to convert more potential energy into translational kinetic energy.

The disk has a lower moment of inertia than the ring, allowing it to convert more potential energy into translational kinetic energy.