The first ionization energy of lithium is approximately 520 kJ/mol.

The first ionization energy of magnesium is approximately 738 kJ/mol.

The boiling point elevation is calculated using the formula ΔT_b = i * K_b * m, where i is the van 't Hoff factor, K_b is the ebullioscopic constant, and m is the molality.

The complex formed is [Fe(SCN)3], where iron(III) ions coordinate with thiocyanate ions.

The formula for the compound formed between hydrogen and sulfur is H2S (hydrogen sulfide).

Phosphoric acid serves as an acidulant, providing a tangy flavor and balancing sweetness in soft drinks.

Sodium citrate is used as a buffering agent to maintain pH levels in food products.

Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.

Esters contain the ester functional group, characterized by the structure RCOOR', where R and R' are hydrocarbon chains.

Aldehydes contain the -CHO functional group, which is characteristic of this class of compounds.

The functional group present in alkenes is the alkene group, characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond.

Molecules with sp hybridization have a linear geometry due to the arrangement of two hybrid orbitals at 180 degrees.

The geometry of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is square planar due to the presence of a d9 configuration in copper.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = -100,000 J - 298(-200) = -100,000 J + 59,600 J = -40,400 J = -40.4 kJ.

The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the initial concentration and depends only on the rate constant k.

The half-life of a first-order reaction is constant and independent of the initial concentration of the reactant.

The hybridization is determined by the number of sigma bonds. 4 sigma bonds correspond to sp3 hybridization.

In 1-butyne, the carbon atoms involved in the triple bond are sp hybridized.

The boron atom in BF3 is sp2 hybridized, forming three sigma bonds with fluorine atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement.

The central carbon atom in methane undergoes sp3 hybridization, forming four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals.

In PCl5, phosphorus has five bonding pairs and no lone pairs, leading to sp3d hybridization.

The central sulfur atom in SF4 has 4 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair, leading to sp3d hybridization.

In [Ni(CO)4], nickel undergoes sp3 hybridization to accommodate four CO ligands.

In [Ni(CO)4], nickel is in the +0 oxidation state and uses sp3 hybridization to form four equivalent bonds with the CO ligands.

The ideal gas constant R = 0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) is used in the ideal gas law PV = nRT.

The ideal gas law is expressed as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

Removing a product will shift the equilibrium to the right to produce more product, in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle.

The integrated rate law for a second-order reaction is given by 1/[A] = 1/[A]0 + kt, where [A]0 is the initial concentration.

For a zero-order reaction, the integrated rate law is [A] = [A]0 - kt, indicating that the concentration decreases linearly with time.

Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.