The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.

The primary purpose of using a biological indicator is to verify the effectiveness of the sterilization process by demonstrating that spores have been killed.

Vaccination aims to stimulate an adaptive immune response by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the pathogen, leading to the development of memory.

ATP provides the energy necessary for various biochemical reactions in the Calvin cycle and other metabolic processes in photosynthesis.

Capillaries are the sites of exchange where nutrients and waste products are exchanged between blood and tissues.

Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.

Epidermal tissue serves to protect the plant and reduce water loss through its outer layer.

Flavonoids serve as antioxidants in plants and can help reduce oxidative stress in humans.

Flavonoids protect plants from UV radiation and also have health benefits for humans.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient absorption for plants.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient absorption, which has been vital for plant evolution and adaptation to various soils.

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, primarily function to engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

Phloem is primarily responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Phloem is responsible for the transport of photosynthates, primarily sugars produced during photosynthesis, from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Stomata are small openings on the leaf surface that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.

T helper cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating B cells to produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells.

The primary role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

The endodermis regulates the flow of water and nutrients into the vascular system of the root, acting as a selective barrier.

The primary role of the nervous system is to coordinate and respond to stimuli from the environment.

The primary role of the nervous system is to coordinate body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.

The placenta facilitates nutrient absorption, gas exchange, and waste elimination between the mother and developing fetus.

The stomach plays a key role in both mechanical and chemical digestion of food.

The xylem's primary role is water transport, which has been crucial for the evolution of terrestrial plants.

Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for the absorption of nutrients.

Xylem is primarily responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

The primary site of gas exchange in the respiratory system is the alveoli.

The stomach is the primary site for protein digestion, where pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides.

The primary structure of DNA is composed of a double helix formed by nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.