Monocots are the largest group of flowering plants.

Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that ferments lactose to produce lactic acid, which is essential in yogurt production.

Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ferments sugars to produce carbon dioxide, causing the bread to rise.

Acetobacter is a genus of bacteria that converts ethanol into acetic acid, the main component of vinegar.

Gymnosperms are characterized by having seeds that are exposed or not enclosed within an ovary.

Pteridophytes, such as ferns, have vascular tissue, which allows for the transport of water and nutrients.

Ferns have a dominant sporophyte generation, which is the leafy part of the plant that produces spores.

Ferns are vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and leaves, distinguishing them from non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts.

Ferns are vascular plants, which means they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients.

Xerophytes are specialized plants that can survive in extreme environments, such as deserts.

Xerophytes are plants that have adapted to survive in dry environments, often featuring specialized structures to conserve water.

Algae are primarily aquatic and can be found in various water bodies, unlike the other groups listed.

Mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.

Gibberellins are known to promote cell elongation and are important for growth.

Flowers are directly involved in reproduction and can adapt to attract specific pollinators, influencing evolutionary outcomes.

Mosses are non-vascular plants that do not have specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport.

Dandelions can reproduce through apomixis, where seeds are produced without fertilization, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

All of the above processes can lead to speciation in plants, contributing to biodiversity.

Hybridization can lead to the formation of new species by combining genetic material from different parent species.

Cross-pollination introduces genetic variation by combining genetic material from different parent plants.

Parthenocarpy is the process that leads to the development of seedless fruits without fertilization.

Grafting is a method of asexual reproduction where tissues from one plant are joined with those of another.

Glycolysis is a key process that occurs during respiration, breaking down glucose to release energy.

The dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, occur in the stroma of the chloroplast and do not require light directly.

The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH.

The light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, produce glucose using ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions.

The anther is the part of the stamen that produces pollen, which contains male gametes.

Parenchyma tissue in succulent plants is specialized for water storage, allowing them to survive in arid conditions.

Phloem is involved in the transport of hormones, nutrients, and other organic compounds throughout the plant.