Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+) from nitric acid (HNO3) in the nitration of benzene.

The major product is para-nitrotoluene due to steric hindrance at the ortho position, making the para position more favorable for substitution.

The para position is favored in the nitration of toluene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.

The para position is most likely to be substituted in the nitration of toluene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group.

The para position is predominantly substituted due to steric hindrance at the ortho position, making the para product more favorable.

The para-nitrotoluene is formed predominantly due to steric hindrance at the ortho position.

The predominant product is nitrotoluene, specifically ortho- and para-nitrotoluene due to the activating effect of the methyl group.

Aniline will undergo substitution the fastest due to the strong activating effect of the amino group, which donates electron density to the ring.

The position of the third substituent depends on the nature of the existing substituents; however, ortho and para positions are generally favored for activating groups.

The product is benzene sulfonic acid, formed by the electrophilic substitution of sulfur trioxide on benzene.

The reaction proceeds via an E2 mechanism due to the strong base (KOH) and the presence of a good leaving group (Br).

The addition of HBr to an alkene follows Markovnikov's rule, leading to the formation of the more stable alkyl bromide as the major product.

According to Markovnikov's rule, the hydrogen from HBr adds to the less substituted carbon of the alkene, leading to the formation of the Markovnikov product.

This reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution where bromine acts as an electrophile.

Benzyl chloride can stabilize a carbocation, thus the SN1 mechanism is favored when reacting with a strong nucleophile.

The reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium hydroxide primarily follows the SN1 mechanism due to the stability of the benzyl carbocation formed during the reaction.

The hydrogenation of cyclohexene in the presence of a catalyst leads to the formation of cyclohexane.

Primary valence refers to the oxidation state of the central metal atom in a coordination compound.

Ligands act as electron donors to the metal ion, forming coordinate covalent bonds and stabilizing the coordination complex.

In SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride), the sulfur atom is sp3d2 hybridized, allowing it to form six sigma bonds with fluorine atoms.

Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O).

The freezing point of a solvent decreases when a solute is added, a phenomenon known as freezing point depression.

As the temperature decreases at constant volume, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases, leading to a decrease in pressure.

2-methylpropan-1-ol is commonly known as isobutanol.

Alkenes are commonly used in the production of plastics, such as polyethylene.

The compound CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 is named 1-butene, as the double bond is located between the first and second carbon atoms.

The compound CH3-CH2-COOH has three carbons in the longest chain and a carboxylic acid functional group, making it propanoic acid.

The longest chain has four carbons, and there is a methyl group on the second carbon, making it 2-methylbutane.

The longest carbon chain has four carbons, and the aldehyde is at the end, making it 2-methylbutanal.

The compound has a hydroxyl group on the second carbon and a carboxylic acid, making it 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid.