Implementing strict sterilization protocols is essential to prevent outbreaks associated with reusable medical instruments.

Ethylene oxide gas is effective for sterilizing heat-sensitive instruments and can eliminate Staphylococcus aureus.

With 70% efficacy, 70% of 1,000 individuals would be protected, which equals 700 individuals.

The Mantoux test is used to assess cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Filtration is the most appropriate method for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids without altering their properties.

40% of 200 patients is 0.4 * 200 = 80 patients who developed symptoms.

High-level disinfectants are used for semi-critical items that come into contact with mucous membranes, such as endoscopes, where sterilization is not feasible.

Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing the spread of disease.

A concentration of 30% hydrogen peroxide is appropriate for high-level disinfection.

The D-value is the time required to reduce the microbial population by 90%, which in this case is 5 minutes.

Memory B cells are responsible for remembering past infections and can quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Memory cells are long-lived cells that remember past infections and enable a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Memory T cells provide long-term immunity by remaining in the body after an infection and responding more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

The complement system consists of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens, including the lysis of pathogens.

The half-life of IgG antibodies in the human body is approximately 21 days.

Steam sterilization has the advantages of faster sterilization time, lower temperatures required, and greater effectiveness against spores compared to dry heat sterilization.

Sterilization kills all microbes, while disinfection reduces the number of viable organisms but may not eliminate all.

Sterilization kills all microbes, while disinfection reduces the number of viable microorganisms.

Cytotoxic T cells are primarily responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells.

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are specialized cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a key role in the innate immune response.

The influenza virus is primarily transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Booster vaccines are given to enhance and prolong the immune memory established by the primary vaccination.

The complement system enhances inflammation and opsonization, aiding in the clearance of pathogens.

The complement system enhances phagocytosis and can directly lyse pathogens, playing a vital role in the immune response.

The Gram stain is used to differentiate bacterial species based on the characteristics of their cell walls.

The MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, which uses weakened forms of the viruses to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

The minimum effective concentration of alcohol for disinfection is typically around 70%, as it allows for better penetration and efficacy.

A minimum effective concentration of 1% bleach is recommended for effective disinfection of surfaces.

70% ethanol is the minimum effective concentration for disinfection as it allows for better penetration and denaturation of proteins.

The minimum effective temperature for autoclaving to ensure sterilization is 121°C.