Enzymes act as catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

The primary goal of aeration in respiratory therapy is to enhance oxygen delivery to the patient.

The primary goal of downstream processing is to purify the product from the fermentation broth.

Fermentation reactors are designed to facilitate microbial growth, allowing for the production of various bioproducts.

Agitation is often used to enhance drug solubility, especially in intravenous medications.

Bioreactors are designed to provide a controlled environment for the cultivation of microorganisms, allowing for optimal growth and product formation.

Chlorination is primarily used to disinfect water by killing harmful microorganisms.

The primary purpose of immobilizing enzymes is to enhance their stability and reusability in various applications.

Sterilization is primarily used to reduce the risk of infection by eliminating all forms of microbial life.

Glucose is the primary substrate for fermentation, as it is readily metabolized by many microorganisms.

Biological indicators are used to confirm sterility by demonstrating that the sterilization process was effective.

Buffer exchange is performed to adjust pH and ionic strength for optimal conditions in subsequent purification steps.

Downstream processing involves extracting and purifying products from fermentation broths, making it essential for product recovery.

Lyophilization is used to remove water from the product, stabilizing it for long-term storage.

Sedimentation allows heavier particles to settle at the bottom of a tank, clarifying the water.

Gentle inversion is the recommended technique to mix blood products without causing damage.

The agitator's role is to mix the contents of the bioreactor, ensuring uniform distribution of nutrients and microorganisms.

The role of a carrier in enzyme immobilization is to provide a surface for enzyme attachment, facilitating the immobilization process.

A fermenter provides a controlled environment for fermentation, allowing microorganisms to convert substrates into desired products.

Activated carbon is used to adsorb organic compounds and improve water quality.

Chromatography is used to separate and purify biomolecules based on their properties.

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes by helping to bind substrates and facilitate reactions.

Cofactors assist in the catalytic process by helping the enzyme to perform its function more effectively.

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions during fermentation, facilitating the conversion of substrates into products.

Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas used to sterilize heat-sensitive medical equipment.

Metabolic engineering is significant for enhancing the efficiency of metabolic pathways, creating new microbial strains, and improving product yield.

The maximum specific growth rate indicates the fastest growth rate of microorganisms during fermentation under optimal conditions.

Laminar flow is characterized by fluid moving in parallel layers with minimal disruption between them.

Vmax is the maximum rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction when the enzyme is saturated with substrate.

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.