Broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance.

Excessive consumption of pickles can lead to high blood pressure due to their sodium content.

PCR requires high-quality DNA as contaminants can inhibit the reaction and affect results.

Osteomyelitis is a potential long-term complication of untreated brucellosis, particularly affecting the spine.

Microwaving canned foods is safe if stirred and heated evenly to the recommended temperature.

Staphylococci bacteria are arranged in clusters.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are the basic building blocks.

Opened canned foods should be transferred to a glass or plastic container to prevent chemical leaching and preserve quality.

All of the above methods are effective in preventing foodborne illness.

Clostridium species are strict anaerobes, meaning they grow in the absence of oxygen.

Spirilla bacteria are characterized by their spiral shape.

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through hydrogen bonds.

Heating acidic canned foods can cause chemical leaching from the can, which may pose health risks.

Increasing temperature generally increases enzyme activity up to an optimal point, beyond which denaturation occurs.

Pasteurization is a heat treatment process that destroys harmful bacteria in milk.

Lactic acid fermentation results in the production of lactic acid.

The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration yields approximately 30-32 ATP.

Penicillin is the first-line treatment for a confirmed Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

Isoniazid is one of the first-line medications used to treat active tuberculosis.

Doxycycline is commonly used as a first-line treatment for brucellosis, often in combination with rifampin.

The viral envelope helps the virus attach to and enter host cells.

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create a continuous DNA strand.

Macrophages can phagocytize pathogens, produce antibodies, and activate T cells.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants, particularly phosphorus.

The bacterial cell wall provides protection and maintains the shape of the cell.

Ligase is responsible for joining DNA fragments together during the repair process.

The Fc region of an antibody is involved in binding to receptors on immune cells and activating the complement system.

Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and initiate transcription.

Spirochaetes are typically classified as Gram-negative bacteria.

The incubation period for brucellosis typically ranges from 2 to 4 weeks after exposure.