The source IP address of a packet is replaced with the NAT device's public IP address when it passes through.

When a link fails, STP recalculates the topology to find an alternate path and maintain a loop-free network.

NAT is commonly used to hide internal IP addresses from external networks, enhancing security.

NAT can complicate peer-to-peer applications because these applications often require direct connections between devices, which NAT can hinder.

A VLAN is a logical grouping of devices that allows them to communicate as if they are on the same physical network, regardless of their actual physical location.

The default administrative distance of EIGRP is 90, which makes it more preferred than OSPF (which has an administrative distance of 110) when both protocols are present.

The default bridge priority value in STP is 32768, which is used in the election of the Root Bridge.

The default bridge priority value in STP is 32768, which is used to determine the root bridge.

The default VLAN ID for untagged traffic on most switches is VLAN 1.

Most switches have VLAN 1 as the default VLAN, which is used for management and control traffic.

Enabling PortFast allows a switch port to transition to the forwarding state immediately, bypassing the listening and learning states.

The first usable IP address in the subnet 10.0.0.0/8 is 10.0.0.1, as 10.0.0.0 is the network address.

A VLAN Access Control List (VACL) is used to filter traffic between VLANs, providing a way to enforce security policies.

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) creates a secure connection over a public network, ensuring privacy and security.

The IP protocol is responsible for routing packets across networks, determining the best path for data transmission.

The Network Interface layer handles the physical transmission of data over the network medium.

Dynamic routing automatically adapts to network changes, making it more flexible than static routing.

One of the main advantages of using NAT in a home network is enhanced security, as it hides internal IP addresses from external networks.

OSPF is generally considered more scalable than EIGRP, especially in larger networks, due to its hierarchical design and area segmentation.

The main disadvantage of NAT is that it can complicate protocols that require end-to-end connectivity, such as VoIP and some peer-to-peer applications.

A network intrusion detection system (NIDS) monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and potential threats.

A router's main function is to forward packets between different networks, determining the best path for data transmission.

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and alerts administrators.

Routers are used in WANs to route data packets between different networks, making them essential for inter-network communication.

The main purpose of error control is to ensure data integrity during transmission by detecting and correcting errors.

NAT is primarily used in home networks to allow multiple devices to access the internet using one public IP address, conserving IP address space.

The maximum data rate of 802.11ac can reach up to 1.3 Gbps under optimal conditions.

The 802.11ac standard can achieve maximum data rates of up to 1.3 Gbps under optimal conditions.

Fiber optics can support WAN connections over distances greater than 100 km, making them suitable for long-range communication.

The maximum hop count for RIP is 15; a hop count of 16 is considered unreachable.