Glass can exhibit polarization when light reflects off its surface.

Diffraction is a phenomenon that leads to interference patterns, as it involves the bending of waves around obstacles.

Prism dispersion involves refraction and not total internal reflection. The other options are phenomena that utilize total internal reflection.

The photoelectric effect is explained by quantum mechanics and particle nature of light, not by wave optics.

The formation of a rainbow is primarily due to the refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets.

A convex lens can produce both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

Circularly polarized light has no preferred direction of oscillation; the electric field vector rotates in a circular motion.

Diffraction gratings can produce multiple orders of maxima due to the constructive interference of light waves.

Diffraction can occur with any type of wave, including sound, light, and water waves.

Concave lenses always produce virtual images when the object is placed within the focal length.

Polarized light vibrates in a single plane, unlike unpolarized light which vibrates in multiple planes.

Total internal reflection requires that the light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, making the second statement true.

A diverging lens causes parallel rays to diverge, making it impossible to focus light to a point.

A converging lens can form both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A convex lens can produce both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A diverging lens (concave) can only form virtual images.

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium.

The splitting of light into two rays in a birefringent material is known as double refraction.

The formation of a rainbow is primarily due to the refraction of light as it enters and exits water droplets in the atmosphere, along with reflection inside the droplets.

Rayleigh scattering is responsible for the polarization of light, especially in the atmosphere, as shorter wavelengths scatter more than longer wavelengths.

The blue color of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering, which is a form of polarization.

A circular aperture produces an Airy pattern, characterized by a central bright spot surrounded by concentric dark and bright rings.

A convex lens is used to converge light rays for hyperopic correction.

Natural light is typically unpolarized as it consists of waves vibrating in multiple planes.