The color of the solution does not affect the rate of an electrochemical reaction.

The Combined Gas Law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2) allows for calculations involving changes in pressure, volume, and temperature.

The Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Avogadro's laws.

The Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Avogadro's laws into one equation.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure (V1/T1 = V2/T2).

Gay-Lussac's Law describes the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume, stating that pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature (PV = constant).

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin) at constant pressure.

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of whether it occurs in one step or multiple steps.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and no lone pairs has a linear geometry due to the arrangement of electron pairs.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs adopts a bent geometry due to the repulsion of the lone pairs.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and no lone pairs adopts a linear geometry, as seen in CO2.

sp2 hybridization results in a trigonal planar geometry, with 120-degree bond angles due to the mixing of one s and two p orbitals.

A central atom with one lone pair and three bonding pairs adopts a trigonal pyramidal shape due to the repulsion of the lone pair.

A tetrahedral electron geometry with one lone pair results in a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape.

sp2 hybridization results in a trigonal planar shape due to the arrangement of three electron groups around the central atom.

Ozone (O3) exhibits resonance due to the delocalization of electrons between the three oxygen atoms.

The bond angle in water is approximately 104.5 degrees due to the repulsion of the two lone pairs on the oxygen atom.

CH4 has four bonding pairs of electrons and no lone pairs, resulting in a tetrahedral molecular geometry.

Lattice energy increases with charge and decreases with size. MgO has a higher charge (2+) compared to NaCl (1+), KBr (1+), and CaF2 (2+ but larger size).

Real gases behave more ideally at low pressure and high temperature, where intermolecular forces and molecular volume become less significant.

A primary battery is designed for single-use and cannot be recharged, unlike secondary batteries.

Oxygen can donate a lone pair to form a coordinate covalent bond, as seen in compounds like H2O and H3O+.

Phosphorus can form an expanded octet because it has available d orbitals to accommodate more than eight electrons in its valence shell.

Boron has a lower first ionization energy than Be, C, and N due to its position in the periodic table.

Sodium is an alkali metal and readily loses one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Carbon has a larger first ionization energy than lithium, beryllium, and boron due to its higher effective nuclear charge.

Rubidium has the largest atomic radius due to having the most electron shells among the given options.