The NAND gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, as it inverts the output of the AND gate.

The symbol '⊕' represents the XOR gate.

The NOR gate outputs true (1) only when all inputs are false (0).

The AND gate outputs true only when all its inputs are true.

The AND gate outputs true only when all its inputs are true.

The NOR gate outputs true only when both inputs are false.

Rubber has a much higher resistivity compared to metals like copper, aluminum, and iron.

Silver has the lowest resistivity among common materials.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is widely used in digital communication systems due to its efficiency in transmitting data.

Frequency Modulation (FM) is the standard technique used in FM radio broadcasting due to its resistance to noise.

Frequency Modulation (FM) is commonly used in television broadcasting due to its better noise immunity.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a modulation technique used to transmit digital data over an analog channel.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of the carrier signal.

The kinetic theory of gases assumes that gas molecules do not experience intermolecular forces, which is why option 3 is NOT part of the assumptions.

A larger slit width results in less pronounced diffraction, leading to a narrower central maximum.

The angular width of a diffraction maximum is defined as the angle between the first minimum on either side of the central maximum.

The elastic limit is the maximum stress that a material can withstand without undergoing permanent deformation.

The shear modulus is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain in a material.

Violet light has the shortest wavelength among the visible spectrum.

Total internal reflection occurs only when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

Ampere's Law is applicable to configurations with symmetry, such as a long straight wire carrying current.

A Wheatstone bridge can be formed using a combination of series and parallel resistors.

A solenoid produces a uniform magnetic field in its interior, as described by the Biot-Savart Law.

A solenoid produces a uniform magnetic field inside it, as described by the Biot-Savart Law.

A toroid produces the strongest magnetic field at its center due to the closed loop configuration of the wire.

Gravitational field lines never intersect because it would imply two different gravitational forces acting on the same point.

Gravitational potential energy is a scalar quantity and can be negative when the object is within the gravitational field of another mass.

The gravitational field strength (g) at a distance r from a mass M is given by g = GM/r².

The gravitational force is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects.