Certain harmful algal blooms caused by aquatic microbes can lead to oxygen depletion in water bodies, negatively impacting aquatic life.

In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus.

All of the listed factors—water temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability—significantly influence microbial diversity in aquatic environments.

Conjugation requires direct contact between bacterial cells to transfer genetic material.

Transformation is a method of horizontal gene transfer where bacteria take up free DNA from their environment.

Respiration rate measurement is a common method to assess soil microbial activity.

Moderate wine consumption has been associated with enhanced cognitive function.

Pickles can be high in sodium, which may contribute to hypertension.

Bacteriophages can be used to target and kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Vaccination of pets is a key preventive measure against rabies transmission.

Adenine is a purine base, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is a significant risk factor for Aeromonas infections.

Long-term antibiotic use is a significant risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection due to disruption of normal gut flora.

Immunosuppression is a significant risk factor for developing tuberculosis due to reduced immune response.

Poor oral hygiene is a significant risk factor for infections caused by non-sporing anaerobes.

Escherichia coli can possess multiple virulence factors including capsule, endotoxins, and exotoxins.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a well-known member of the Retroviridae family.

A competitive inhibitor is a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate for binding.

Phosphorylation is a common covalent modification that can activate or deactivate enzymes.

Bacteriophages are specific to bacteria and do not infect human cells.

Non-sporing anaerobes do not require oxygen for growth; they thrive in its absence.

Nutrients are essential for cell growth, while bacteria, fungi, and viruses are common contaminants.

Vaccinated animals are not a common source of Norovirus outbreaks; the virus is primarily spread through contaminated food and water.

Zinc is a micronutrient, while carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are macronutrients essential for bacterial growth.

Phagocytosis is a process carried out by immune cells, not a direct mechanism of antibody action.

Substrate saturation refers to the concentration of substrate and is not a regulatory mechanism itself.

Mitosis is a process of cell division and is not a method of horizontal gene transfer.

Glucose is not a product of the Krebs cycle; it is consumed in glycolysis.

Living in urban areas is not a risk factor for brucellosis; the disease is more common in rural and agricultural settings.

Replication is not a step in transcription; it refers to the process of copying DNA.