Microbial fermentation is a key process in the production of biofuels, utilizing microorganisms to convert biomass into energy.

Gene therapy involves the introduction of normal genes into cells to correct genetic disorders.

Butanoic acid has a pungent odor, often described as rancid butter.

Butanoic acid has the highest boiling point due to its longer carbon chain and greater molecular weight.

Increasing the temperature for an endothermic reaction shifts the equilibrium to the right, favoring the formation of products.

Adding a catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not affect the position of equilibrium.

A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not affect the position of equilibrium. Other changes like temperature, pressure, and concentration of reactants/products do affect the equilibrium.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the concentration of a reactant (O2 in this case) will shift the equilibrium to the right, favoring the formation of products.

Increasing the pressure will shift the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas, which is the right side (2 moles of NH3) in this case.

Reptiles are known for having scales that protect their bodies and reduce water loss.

Kingdom is the most inclusive classification among the options provided, encompassing a large group of related organisms.

[CoCl2(NH3)4]+ can exhibit geometrical isomerism due to the different arrangements of ligands around the cobalt ion.

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ has unpaired electrons, making it paramagnetic, while the others have all paired electrons.

Dimethylamine is a secondary amine as it has two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

2-Propanol can be oxidized to form acetone, which is a ketone.

Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aniline using reducing agents like Sn/HCl.

Nitrous acid can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as it reacts differently with each type.

C2H4COOH (acetic acid) contains the carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH).

Carbon monoxide (CO) contains a coordinate bond between carbon and oxygen.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) contains double bonds between carbon and oxygen.

In PCl5, phosphorus is in its highest oxidation state of +5.

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) contains silicon, which is a p-block element.

In sodium hydride (NaH), hydrogen has an oxidation state of -1.

HCl has a dipole moment because it is a polar molecule with a significant difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

Acetylene (C2H2) contains a triple bond between the two carbon atoms.

C5H12 can exist as both straight-chain (pentane) and branched (isopentane) forms.

All the listed compounds represent common oxidation states of vanadium: +5 in V2O5, +2 in VO, and +3 in V2O3.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a well-known oxidizing agent used in various chemical reactions.

Cyclopropane is a cyclic alkane with three carbon atoms in a ring.

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a hydrogen halide, which is a binary compound of hydrogen and a halogen.