Secondary metabolites often serve as chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens.

The main purpose of plant taxonomy is to identify, name, and classify plant species systematically.

Transpiration helps regulate water loss and maintain nutrient flow in plants.

Tropisms are growth responses that direct plants towards or away from environmental stimuli.

The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

The Calvin cycle's main purpose is to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

The circulatory system's main purpose is to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.

The main purpose of the circulatory system is to transport blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.

The complement system enhances inflammation and opsonization, aiding in the clearance of pathogens.

The complement system enhances phagocytosis and can directly lyse pathogens, playing a vital role in the immune response.

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself, providing it with oxygen and nutrients.

The dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose.

The petals of a flower are primarily designed to attract pollinators through their color and scent.

The Gram stain is used to differentiate bacterial species based on the characteristics of their cell walls.

The main purpose of the light reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The cuticle helps in water retention by reducing water loss.

The main purpose of pulmonary circulation is to exchange gases in the lungs, allowing carbon dioxide to be expelled and oxygen to be absorbed.

Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, enhancing nutrient absorption.

Xylem is responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.

Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus controlling gas exchange and transpiration in leaves.

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus controlling gas exchange and transpiration in plants.

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus.

Phloem is responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Phloem is responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Sclerenchyma cells provide structural support and strength to the plant due to their thick, lignified cell walls.

Sclerenchyma cells provide structural support due to their thick, lignified cell walls.

The MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, which uses weakened forms of the viruses to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

The minimum effective concentration of alcohol for disinfection is typically around 70%, as it allows for better penetration and efficacy.

A minimum effective concentration of 1% bleach is recommended for effective disinfection of surfaces.