A polarizer decreases the intensity of unpolarized light by allowing only a certain orientation of light waves to pass through.

A quarter-wave plate converts linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light by introducing a phase shift of 90 degrees.

When a second polarizer is oriented at 90 degrees to the first, it blocks all the light, reducing the intensity to zero.

When a second polarizer is oriented at 90 degrees to the first, no light passes through.

When light passes through a second polarizer at 90 degrees to the first, the intensity is reduced to zero.

Increasing the angle of incidence beyond the critical angle increases the intensity of the reflected light due to total internal reflection.

Increasing the angle of incidence beyond the critical angle results in total internal reflection, preventing any refraction into the second medium.

Increasing the curvature of a lens decreases its focal length.

Increasing the distance between the slits decreases the fringe width, making the fringes closer together.

Increasing the distance between the slits decreases the fringe separation as fringe width is inversely proportional to the slit separation.

Increasing the number of slits in a diffraction grating results in sharper maxima due to increased constructive interference.

As the object distance increases, the size of the image formed by a convex lens increases until it reaches a maximum.

Increasing the slit width reduces the coherence of the light waves, leading to decreased fringe visibility.

Increasing the slit width decreases the width of the central maximum due to the diffraction pattern becoming narrower.

The speed of sound in a gas increases with an increase in temperature.

Generally, as temperature increases, the refractive index of a medium decreases due to reduced density.

Increasing the wavelength of light increases the fringe spacing in a diffraction grating experiment.

Increasing the wavelength of light increases the fringe spacing in a diffraction pattern.

Increasing the wavelength increases the fringe separation, as it is directly proportional to the wavelength.

Increasing the wavelength (λ) increases the fringe width (β), as β is directly proportional to λ.

Fringe separation is directly proportional to the wavelength; increasing the wavelength increases the fringe separation.

Increasing the wavelength results in a broader diffraction pattern due to increased spreading of the waves.

Fringe separation β = λD/d. Increasing λ increases β, hence fringe separation increases.

Increasing the wavelength (λ) increases the fringe separation (β), as β is directly proportional to λ.

Increasing the wavelength results in wider fringes in the diffraction pattern, as the angular width of the central maximum increases.

Increasing the wavelength results in wider fringes in the diffraction pattern, as fringe width is directly proportional to the wavelength.

As the polarizer is rotated, the intensity of the transmitted light varies according to Malus's law, decreasing as the angle increases.

As the polarizer is rotated, the intensity of the transmitted light varies according to the cosine square of the angle between the light's polarization direction and the polarizer's axis.

For a concave lens, the focal length (f) is negative. The virtual image distance (v) is -20 cm. Using the lens formula 1/f = 1/v + 1/u, we can find f. Since v = -20 cm, we can assume u is at infinity, thus 1/f = 1/(-20) + 0, giving f = -20 cm.

Using the mirror formula, 1/f = 1/v + 1/u. Here, v = -15 cm (real image) and u = -30 cm (object distance). Thus, 1/f = 1/(-15) + 1/(-30) = -1/10, so f = -10 cm.