Agarose gel is commonly used for DNA electrophoresis due to its suitable pore size for separating DNA fragments.

The secondary immune response is faster and more robust due to the presence of memory cells from the primary response.

Phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes, providing structure and fluidity.

Small nonpolar molecules can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer due to their compatibility with the hydrophobic core.

Hydrogen-1 (proton NMR) is the most commonly analyzed nucleus in NMR spectroscopy due to its abundance in organic compounds.

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.

snRNA (small nuclear RNA) is involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA.

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

FTIR spectroscopy can analyze solids, liquids, and gases, making it a versatile tool in various fields, including medicine.

Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is widely used to determine the concentration of substances in solution based on their absorbance.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying the structures of proteins in solution.

Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient.

B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids, facilitating transamination and deamination reactions.

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness due to its role in the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment in the retina.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) is a coenzyme in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a key step in energy metabolism.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a precursor for FAD, a coenzyme involved in the TCA cycle.

Vitamin B12 is essential for the enzyme methionine synthase, which converts homocysteine to methionine.

Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting bone health.

Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, playing a critical role in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues.

The typical wavelength range used in UV luminance spectroscopy is 300-400 nm, which is effective for analyzing various biological samples.