The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the initial concentration and depends only on the rate constant k.

The half-life of a first-order reaction is constant and independent of the initial concentration of the reactant.

The hybridization is determined by the number of sigma bonds. 4 sigma bonds correspond to sp3 hybridization.

The central carbon atom in methane undergoes sp3 hybridization, forming four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals.

In PCl5, phosphorus has five bonding pairs and no lone pairs, leading to sp3d hybridization.

The central sulfur atom in SF4 has 4 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair, leading to sp3d hybridization.

The ideal gas constant R = 0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) is used in the ideal gas law PV = nRT.

The ideal gas law is expressed as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

Removing a product will shift the equilibrium to the right to produce more product, in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle.

The integrated rate law for a second-order reaction is given by 1/[A] = 1/[A]0 + kt, where [A]0 is the initial concentration.

For a zero-order reaction, the integrated rate law is [A] = [A]0 - kt, indicating that the concentration decreases linearly with time.

Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.

Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.

Electrochemical methods can effectively treat wastewater without adding chemical residues, making it an environmentally friendly option.

Supercapacitors can charge and discharge much faster than traditional batteries, making them suitable for applications requiring rapid energy delivery.

The cathode is where reduction occurs, gaining electrons in the electrochemical cell.

The maximum number of electrons in a subshell is given by 2n^2. For d (n=3), it is 2(3^2) = 18, but only 10 can occupy 3d.

Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in its 2p orbitals (1s2 2s2 2p3).

With 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs, the molecular geometry is bent due to the repulsion of lone pairs.

A trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry with one lone pair results in a T-shaped molecular geometry.

CO2 has a linear geometry due to the arrangement of two double bonds around the central carbon atom.

NH3 has three bonding pairs and one lone pair, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal geometry.

PCl5 has 5 bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

SF6 has an octahedral geometry due to six bonding pairs of electrons around the central sulfur atom, with bond angles of 90 degrees.

SF6 has six bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in an octahedral molecular geometry.

The sulfate ion has four bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in a tetrahedral molecular geometry.

The Nernst equation is E = E° - (0.059/n)log(Q) at 25°C.

The Nernst equation is E = E° - (RT/nF)ln(Q), where R is the gas constant, T is temperature, n is moles of electrons, and F is Faraday's constant.

The Nernst equation relates the cell potential to the concentrations of reactants and products, allowing for the calculation of cell voltage under non-standard conditions.

The order of the reaction is the sum of the exponents in the rate law. Here, it is 2 (from [A]^2) + 1 (from [B]) = 3.