Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

Beta-oxidation is the process that breaks down fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle for ATP production.

Proofreading by DNA polymerase ensures the accuracy of DNA replication by correcting errors.

Transcription is the process by which the information in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence.

Translation is the process where ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Deamination is the process of removing an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of ammonia.

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration.

The side chains (R groups) of amino acids influence the folding and interactions that determine the tertiary structure of peptides.

The lac repressor binds to the operator region of the lac operon, preventing transcription of downstream genes when lactose is absent.

Helicase is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication, allowing access for other proteins.

The MAPK/ERK pathway is primarily involved in regulating cell growth and proliferation.

CDCl3 (deuterated chloroform) is commonly used as a solvent in NMR spectroscopy to minimize interference from solvent signals.

Infrared spectroscopy is best for identifying chemical bonds in a molecule by measuring the absorption of infrared light at specific frequencies.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes.

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate involves substrate-level phosphorylation, producing ATP.

The conversion of succinate to fumarate produces FADH2 in the TCA cycle.

All of these features contribute to the stability of enzymes.

RNA is typically single-stranded, distinguishing it from the double helix structure of DNA.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the detoxification of drugs and harmful substances in liver cells.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Precipitation is often used as an initial step in protein purification to concentrate proteins and remove contaminants.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is commonly used to detect and amplify specific DNA sequences.

IgG is the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in the body's defense against infections.

IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, providing early defense before IgG levels rise.

T cells can recognize both exogenous and endogenous antigens.

Tertiary structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Hydrogen bonds are crucial for the specific interactions between proteins and nucleic acids, allowing for the recognition of specific sequences.

Hydrogen bonds are primarily responsible for the formation of the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Liquid chromatography uses a solid stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase for separation.

All of the above detectors can be used in HPLC, with UV-Vis spectrophotometers being the most common.