Flavonoids protect plants from UV radiation and also have health benefits for humans.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient absorption for plants.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient absorption, which has been vital for plant evolution and adaptation to various soils.

Phloem is primarily responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Phloem is responsible for the transport of photosynthates, primarily sugars produced during photosynthesis, from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Stomata are small openings on the leaf surface that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.

The endodermis regulates the flow of water and nutrients into the vascular system of the root, acting as a selective barrier.

The xylem's primary role is water transport, which has been crucial for the evolution of terrestrial plants.

Xylem is primarily responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, such as oil spills.

Marker-assisted selection helps breeders identify plants that carry desirable traits based on genetic markers.

Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

Marker-assisted selection is used to identify and select plants with desirable traits more efficiently in breeding programs.

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is then used in respiration, highlighting their interdependent relationship.

Abscisic acid primarily functions to inhibit growth and promote stress responses in plants.

Actinobacteria play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling in soil.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology, facilitating the introduction of new genes into plant cells.

Alkaloids serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores due to their toxicity.

Alleles are different versions of a gene that can produce variations in traits among individuals.

ATP provides energy and NADPH provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle.

ATP and NADPH provide the energy and reducing power needed for the Calvin cycle.

ATP serves as the energy source for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the light reactions.

Auxins inhibit the growth of lateral buds, maintaining apical dominance in plants.

Auxins stimulate root growth and are involved in various developmental processes.

Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in a sustainable manner, reducing chemical pesticide use.

Chlorophyll captures light energy, which is essential for the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.

Cytokinins are hormones that stimulate cell division and promote shoot development.