Marker-assisted selection speeds up the breeding process by allowing breeders to select plants with desirable traits more efficiently.

Plasmids can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA, making them ideal vectors for cloning.

Steam sterilization has the advantages of faster sterilization time, lower temperatures required, and greater effectiveness against spores compared to dry heat sterilization.

Transgenic plants are engineered to have traits that can lead to increased crop yield, making them advantageous in agriculture.

Antioxidants help reduce inflammation and combat oxidative stress in the body.

Cruciferous vegetables are rich in antioxidants, which help protect against diseases.

Dietary fiber aids in digestion and helps maintain gut health.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in plants like flaxseed, are known to enhance cognitive function and support brain health.

Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.

Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified walls and are dead at maturity, providing structural support.

Cellulose is the primary structural component of the plant cell wall, providing rigidity and strength.

The main difference is that aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

Sterilization kills all microbes, while disinfection reduces the number of viable organisms but may not eliminate all.

Photosynthesis requires light to produce glucose, while respiration does not require light and occurs continuously.

Sterilization kills all microbes, while disinfection reduces the number of viable microorganisms.

Seed dispersal allows plants to spread their offspring over a wider area, facilitating colonization of new habitats and enhancing biodiversity.

ATP is the main energy carrier produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

ATP is the main energy currency produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

RUBISCO is the main enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the dark reactions.

Alkaloids serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores due to their toxicity.

Antioxidants help prevent oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals.

Chlorophyll's main function is to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

Cytotoxic T cells are primarily responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells.

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are specialized cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a key role in the innate immune response.

Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis throughout the plant.

Leaves are primarily responsible for gas exchange, allowing carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit during photosynthesis.

Root hairs increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption from the soil.

Sclerenchyma cells provide structural support to the plant.

Stomata are small openings that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.