Using Slater's rules, Z_eff = Z - S. For P, Z = 15 and S = 8, so Z_eff = 15 - 8 = 7.

Z_eff = Z - S; for Na, Z = 11, S (shielding from 1s and 2s) ≈ 3. Thus, Z_eff = 11 - 3 = 8.

Using Slater's rules, Z_eff = Z - S; for Na, S = 3 (from 1s and 2s electrons). Thus, Z_eff = 11 - 3 = 8.

The electron affinity of chlorine is approximately -349 kJ/mol.

Chlorine has 17 electrons, and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5.

Sulfur has 16 electrons, and its electron configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p4.

Oxygen has 8 electrons, and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p4.

Sulfur has 16 electrons, and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

The element with atomic number 30 is Zn. Its electron configuration is [Ar] 4s2 3d10.

Iron (Fe) has an atomic number of 26, and the electron configuration for Fe3+ is [Ar] 3d5 after losing 3 electrons.

Sulfur (S) has 16 electrons. S^2- has 18 electrons, resulting in the configuration [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶.

The electron geometry for a molecule with four electron groups is tetrahedral, as the groups will arrange themselves to minimize repulsion.

Electronegativity of Na ≈ 0.9 and Cl ≈ 3.0. Difference = 3.0 - 0.9 = 2.1.

The electronegativity of fluorine is 4.0 on the Pauling scale.

The enthalpy change for the reaction is 2 times the standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(g), which is -241.8 kJ/mol, giving -483.6 kJ.

The enthalpy change for the formation of CO2 from its elements in their standard states is equal to the standard enthalpy of formation, which is -393.5 kJ/mol.

The standard enthalpy change of formation for water (H2O) is -285.8 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy change for the reaction is 2 times the standard enthalpy of formation of NH3(g), which is -45.9 kJ/mol, giving -91.8 kJ.

The enthalpy change for the reaction is calculated as ΔH = 2 * ΔHf°(NH3) = 2 * (-45.9 kJ) = -91.8 kJ.

The enthalpy change is -2ΔH_vap, as condensation releases heat equal to twice the enthalpy of vaporization.

ΔH = q/n = -800 J / 4 mol = -200 J/mol.

ΔG° = -RTln(K); K = e^(-ΔG°/RT) = e^(40,000/(8.314*298)) ≈ 1000.

The equilibrium constant K is given by K = [C]/([A][B]) at equilibrium.

Molecules with sp2 hybridization have bond angles of approximately 120 degrees due to trigonal planar geometry.

The bond angle in a tetrahedral geometry is approximately 109.5 degrees.

The typical bond length for a C-C single bond is approximately 1.54 Å.

The Faraday constant is approximately equal to 96485 C/mol, representing the charge of one mole of electrons.

The first ionization energy of lithium is approximately 520 kJ/mol.

The first ionization energy of magnesium is approximately 738 kJ/mol.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = -100,000 J - 298(-200) = -100,000 J + 59,600 J = -40,400 J = -40.4 kJ.