A limitation of UV luminance spectroscopy is the potential interference from other substances present in the sample, which can affect accuracy.

FTIR spectroscopy is primarily used for tissue characterization, helping to identify chemical compositions and structures in biological samples.

Water is known as the universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve many substances.

Glucose is a simple carbohydrate, also known as a monosaccharide.

Citrate acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, regulating glycolysis.

Allosteric enzymes typically exhibit sigmoidal kinetics and do not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

Not all antigens are harmful; some can be harmless substances that still provoke an immune response.

Enzymes are not consumed in reactions; they can be used repeatedly.

Peptides are typically smaller than proteins and can range from just a few amino acids to several dozen.

Supercritical fluid chromatography is not a type of gas chromatography; it uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase.

RNA polymerase is not used in PCR; instead, Taq polymerase is used for DNA synthesis.

Macrophages are part of the innate immune system, while B cells, T cells, and antibodies are components of the adaptive immune system.

Proteins are the end products of gene expression, not a component of the genetic code itself.

The lac operon consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes, but does not include an enhancer.

mRNA is not a component of the ribosome; it is the template for translation.

RNA does not store genetic information; that function is primarily performed by DNA.

FADH2 is not produced in glycolysis; it is produced in the citric acid cycle.

Glucose is not a product of the TCA cycle; it is a substrate for glycolysis.

Meat is not a source of carbohydrates; it is primarily a source of protein.

Proteins can act as enzymes, catalyzing biochemical reactions.

All of the above modifications (5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing) occur to mRNA before it is translated.

A missense mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein, potentially altering its function.

Thymine is found in DNA, while RNA contains uracil instead.

RNA splicing is a process that occurs after transcription in eukaryotic cells, where introns are removed and exons are joined.

Enzymes are specific to their substrates, meaning each enzyme typically catalyzes only one type of reaction.

Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Mass spectrometry is a widely used technique for determining the sequence of amino acids in peptides.

Electroporation is a technique used to introduce recombinant DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase cell permeability.

Bacteria, particularly E. coli, are commonly used as hosts for cloning in recombinant DNA technology due to their rapid growth and ease of manipulation.

During prolonged fasting, fatty acid oxidation is activated to provide energy from stored fat.