The Analytical Techniques section focuses on the methods and instruments used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis , essential for understanding experimental chemistry, material characterization, and laboratory diagnostics . This module is designed for school (Class 11–12) and undergraduate students , with strong emphasis on conceptual clarity, instrumentation basics, and exam relevance .
In this section, you will study:
Classical analytical methods – qualitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis
Spectroscopic techniques – UV–Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NMR (introductory level), and mass spectrometry
Chromatographic methods – paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC (basics)
Electroanalytical techniques – conductometry, potentiometry, pH measurement, and electrochemical cells
Thermal and surface analysis (introductory) – TGA, DTA, and DSC (UG level)
Instrumentation principles – working, components, and applications
Data interpretation – spectra analysis, peak identification, and quantitative calculations
NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations , supported by diagrams, numericals, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, and PYQs
The content is structured to bridge theory with laboratory practice , strengthen analytical and interpretation skills , and help students confidently answer instrumentation- and application-based questions in school and undergraduate examinations .
Develop a systematic and practical understanding of Analytical Techniques to master this crucial area of modern Chemistry .
Q. Which technique is best suited for separating anions in a mixture?
A.
Gas chromatography
B.
High-performance liquid chromatography
C.
Capillary electrophoresis
D.
Mass spectrometry
Show solution
Solution
Capillary electrophoresis is effective for separating anions based on their charge and size.
Correct Answer:
C
— Capillary electrophoresis
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Q. Which technique is best suited for the separation of charged biomolecules based on their size?
A.
Gas chromatography
B.
Capillary electrophoresis
C.
High-performance liquid chromatography
D.
Thin-layer chromatography
Show solution
Solution
Capillary electrophoresis is best suited for separating charged biomolecules based on their size and charge.
Correct Answer:
B
— Capillary electrophoresis
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Q. Which technique is best suited for the separation of charged biomolecules?
A.
Gas chromatography
B.
High-performance liquid chromatography
C.
Capillary electrophoresis
D.
Thin-layer chromatography
Show solution
Solution
Capillary electrophoresis is best suited for the separation of charged biomolecules due to its ability to separate based on charge-to-mass ratio.
Correct Answer:
C
— Capillary electrophoresis
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Q. Which technique is best suited for the separation of charged particles in a solution?
A.
Titration
B.
Chromatography
C.
Electrophoresis
D.
Spectroscopy
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Solution
Electrophoresis is specifically designed to separate charged particles based on their size and charge.
Correct Answer:
C
— Electrophoresis
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Q. Which technique is commonly used for the qualitative analysis of anions?
A.
Gas Chromatography
B.
Thin Layer Chromatography
C.
Ion Chromatography
D.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Show solution
Solution
Ion Chromatography is specifically designed for the separation and identification of ions in a solution.
Correct Answer:
C
— Ion Chromatography
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Q. Which technique is commonly used to separate and identify anions in a mixture?
A.
Gas chromatography
B.
High-performance liquid chromatography
C.
Ion chromatography
D.
Capillary electrophoresis
Show solution
Solution
Ion chromatography is specifically designed for the separation and identification of anions in a mixture.
Correct Answer:
C
— Ion chromatography
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Q. Which technique is commonly used to separate anions in qualitative analysis?
A.
Gas chromatography
B.
Thin-layer chromatography
C.
Capillary electrophoresis
D.
High-performance liquid chromatography
Show solution
Solution
Capillary electrophoresis is effective for separating anions based on their charge and size, making it suitable for qualitative analysis.
Correct Answer:
C
— Capillary electrophoresis
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Q. Which technique is most effective for the qualitative analysis of anions in a sample?
A.
Thin Layer Chromatography
B.
Ion Chromatography
C.
Gas Chromatography
D.
Capillary Electrophoresis
Show solution
Solution
Ion chromatography is specifically designed for the qualitative analysis of anions, allowing for effective separation and identification.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ion Chromatography
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Q. Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A.
Ionic bond
B.
Covalent bond
C.
Metallic bond
D.
Hydrogen bond
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Solution
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Correct Answer:
B
— Covalent bond
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Q. Which type of bond is most commonly analyzed using IR spectroscopy?
A.
C-H bonds
B.
C-C bonds
C.
N-H bonds
D.
O-H bonds
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Solution
C-H bonds are commonly analyzed using IR spectroscopy, as they produce strong and distinct absorption peaks.
Correct Answer:
A
— C-H bonds
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Q. Which type of electrophoresis is commonly used for separating DNA fragments?
A.
Capillary electrophoresis
B.
Gel electrophoresis
C.
Paper electrophoresis
D.
Isoelectric focusing
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Solution
Gel electrophoresis is commonly used for separating DNA fragments based on their size, as it allows for the movement of DNA through a gel matrix.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gel electrophoresis
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Q. Which type of sample is most suitable for analysis by IR spectroscopy?
A.
Gaseous samples
B.
Solid samples only
C.
Liquid samples only
D.
All of the above
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Solution
IR spectroscopy can analyze gaseous, liquid, and solid samples, making it versatile for various types of materials.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which type of sample preparation is commonly used before performing IR spectroscopy?
A.
Dissolving in water
B.
KBr pellet method
C.
Filtration
D.
Evaporation
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Solution
The KBr pellet method is a common sample preparation technique for solid samples in IR spectroscopy, allowing for clear spectral analysis.
Correct Answer:
B
— KBr pellet method
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Q. Which type of spectroscopy is best suited for identifying functional groups in organic compounds?
A.
NMR
B.
UV-Vis
C.
IR
D.
Mass Spectrometry
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Solution
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is best suited for identifying functional groups due to its ability to measure molecular vibrations.
Correct Answer:
C
— IR
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Q. Which type of titration involves a redox reaction?
A.
Acid-base titration
B.
Complexometric titration
C.
Precipitation titration
D.
Redox titration
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Solution
Redox titration involves a redox reaction where the oxidation state of the reactants changes during the titration process.
Correct Answer:
D
— Redox titration
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Q. Which type of titration would you use to determine the concentration of a weak acid?
A.
Strong acid-strong base titration
B.
Weak acid-strong base titration
C.
Redox titration
D.
Complexometric titration
Show solution
Solution
To determine the concentration of a weak acid, a weak acid-strong base titration is typically used, as it provides a clear endpoint.
Correct Answer:
B
— Weak acid-strong base titration
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