The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. In the Arrhenius equation, what does the term 'A' represent?
A.
Activation energy
B.
Frequency factor
C.
Rate constant
D.
Temperature
Show solution
Solution
'A' is the frequency factor in the Arrhenius equation, which represents the number of collisions that result in a reaction.
Correct Answer:
B
— Frequency factor
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Q. In the context of chemical kinetics, what does the term 'activation energy' refer to?
A.
The energy required to break bonds
B.
The energy required to form products
C.
The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
D.
The energy released during a reaction
Show solution
Solution
Activation energy is the minimum energy that reactants must possess for a reaction to occur.
Correct Answer:
C
— The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
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Q. In the context of gas laws, what does 'R' represent in the ideal gas equation?
A.
Gas constant
B.
Rate of reaction
C.
Universal gas law
D.
Reaction quotient
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Solution
'R' in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT represents the universal gas constant, which relates the energy scale to the temperature scale.
Correct Answer:
A
— Gas constant
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Q. In the context of gas laws, what does the term 'absolute zero' refer to?
A.
0 K
B.
273.15 °C
C.
32 °F
D.
100 °C
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Solution
Absolute zero is defined as 0 Kelvin, the theoretical temperature at which a system's entropy reaches its minimum value.
Correct Answer:
A
— 0 K
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Q. In the context of gas laws, what does the term 'R' represent in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT?
A.
Gas constant
B.
Universal constant
C.
Molar volume
D.
Temperature
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Solution
In the ideal gas equation, R is the universal gas constant, which relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas.
Correct Answer:
A
— Gas constant
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Q. In the context of IR spectroscopy, what does the term 'fingerprint region' refer to?
A.
The region above 4000 cm-1
B.
The region between 400-1500 cm-1
C.
The region below 400 cm-1
D.
The region between 1500-2000 cm-1
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Solution
The 'fingerprint region' in IR spectroscopy refers to the region between 400-1500 cm-1, where many unique absorption bands occur for different compounds.
Correct Answer:
B
— The region between 400-1500 cm-1
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'calcination' refer to?
A.
Heating ores in the presence of air
B.
Heating ores in the absence of air
C.
Dissolving ores in acid
D.
Melting ores to separate metals
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Solution
Calcination refers to the heating of ores in the absence of air to drive off volatile substances.
Correct Answer:
B
— Heating ores in the absence of air
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'flux' refer to?
A.
A reducing agent
B.
A substance that promotes melting
C.
An oxidizing agent
D.
A type of metal
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Solution
Flux is a substance added to a metallurgical process to promote melting and help remove impurities.
Correct Answer:
B
— A substance that promotes melting
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'gangue' refer to?
A.
The desired metal
B.
The waste material
C.
The reducing agent
D.
The flux used
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Solution
Gangue refers to the waste material that is separated from the desired metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— The waste material
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'reduction' refer to?
A.
Loss of electrons
B.
Gain of electrons
C.
Increase in oxidation state
D.
Decrease in temperature
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Solution
Reduction refers to the gain of electrons, which is essential in the extraction of metals.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gain of electrons
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what is the primary purpose of roasting a sulfide ore?
A.
To reduce the ore
B.
To oxidize the ore
C.
To concentrate the ore
D.
To purify the ore
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Solution
Roasting a sulfide ore involves heating it in the presence of oxygen to convert it into an oxide, which is a necessary step for further extraction of the metal.
Correct Answer:
B
— To oxidize the ore
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what is the primary purpose of roasting sulfide ores?
A.
To reduce the ore
B.
To oxidize the ore
C.
To concentrate the ore
D.
To purify the ore
Show solution
Solution
Roasting sulfide ores involves heating them in the presence of oxygen to convert them into oxides, which can then be reduced to extract the metal.
Correct Answer:
B
— To oxidize the ore
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Q. In the context of reaction mechanisms, what does the term 'rate-determining step' refer to?
A.
The fastest step in a reaction
B.
The step with the highest energy barrier
C.
The step that produces the final product
D.
The step that involves the most reactants
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Solution
The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which controls the overall reaction rate.
Correct Answer:
B
— The step with the highest energy barrier
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Q. In the context of reaction rates, what does the term 'activation energy' refer to?
A.
The energy required to start a reaction
B.
The energy released during a reaction
C.
The energy of the products
D.
The energy of the reactants
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Solution
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactants to collide and form products, initiating the reaction.
Correct Answer:
A
— The energy required to start a reaction
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what does the term 'oxidation state' refer to?
A.
The charge of an atom in a molecule
B.
The number of bonds an atom can form
C.
The energy level of electrons
D.
The size of an atom
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Solution
The oxidation state refers to the charge of an atom in a molecule, indicating its degree of oxidation.
Correct Answer:
A
— The charge of an atom in a molecule
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what happens to a transition metal when it acts as a reducing agent?
A.
It gains electrons.
B.
It loses electrons.
C.
It remains unchanged.
D.
It forms a complex.
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Solution
When a transition metal acts as a reducing agent, it loses electrons and is oxidized.
Correct Answer:
B
— It loses electrons.
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what happens to the oxidation state of manganese in the reaction MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O?
A.
It increases
B.
It decreases
C.
It remains the same
D.
It fluctuates
Show solution
Solution
The oxidation state of manganese decreases from +7 in MnO4- to +2 in Mn2+.
Correct Answer:
B
— It decreases
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, which transition metal is commonly used as a reducing agent?
A.
Manganese
B.
Iron
C.
Copper
D.
Silver
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Solution
Iron is commonly used as a reducing agent in various redox reactions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Iron
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Q. In the equilibrium reaction 2A(g) ⇌ B(g) + C(g), if the concentration of B is increased, what will happen to the concentration of A?
A.
Increase
B.
Decrease
C.
Remain the same
D.
Cannot be determined
Show solution
Solution
Increasing the concentration of B will shift the equilibrium to the left, decreasing the concentration of A.
Correct Answer:
B
— Decrease
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Q. In the equilibrium reaction A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g), if the volume is increased, what will happen?
A.
Shifts to the right
B.
Shifts to the left
C.
No effect
D.
Increases the concentration of C
Show solution
Solution
Increasing the volume decreases the pressure, and according to Le Chatelier's Principle, the equilibrium will shift to the right to favor the formation of more gas molecules (C).
Correct Answer:
A
— Shifts to the right
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Q. In the extraction of iron, what is the role of limestone?
A.
To act as a reducing agent
B.
To remove sulfur
C.
To form slag
D.
To increase temperature
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Solution
Limestone is added to form slag, which helps remove impurities during the extraction of iron.
Correct Answer:
C
— To form slag
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Q. In the extraction of iron, which compound is primarily used as a flux?
A.
Limestone
B.
Silica
C.
Alumina
D.
Magnesia
Show solution
Solution
Limestone is used as a flux in the extraction of iron to remove impurities as slag.
Correct Answer:
A
— Limestone
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Q. In the extraction of metals, what is the role of a flux?
A.
To increase the temperature of the reaction
B.
To remove impurities
C.
To provide energy for the reaction
D.
To act as a catalyst
Show solution
Solution
A flux is used to remove impurities from the metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— To remove impurities
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Q. In the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene, which of the following is a potential problem?
A.
Polyalkylation
B.
Dealkylation
C.
Hydrogenation
D.
Oxidation
Show solution
Solution
Polyalkylation can occur in Friedel-Crafts alkylation, leading to multiple alkyl groups being added to the benzene ring.
Correct Answer:
A
— Polyalkylation
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Q. In the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, what does the term 'K' represent?
A.
Adsorption capacity
B.
Rate constant
C.
Equilibrium constant
D.
Surface area
Show solution
Solution
In the Langmuir isotherm, 'K' is the equilibrium constant that relates the concentration of adsorbate in the gas phase to the amount adsorbed on the surface.
Correct Answer:
C
— Equilibrium constant
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Q. In the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, what does the term 'monolayer coverage' refer to?
A.
Complete saturation of the surface
B.
Partial coverage of the surface
C.
Formation of multilayers
D.
No adsorption
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Solution
Monolayer coverage in the Langmuir isotherm indicates that all available adsorption sites on the surface are occupied by adsorbate molecules.
Correct Answer:
A
— Complete saturation of the surface
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Q. In the mechanism of the SN2 reaction, which of the following statements is true?
A.
The reaction involves a carbocation intermediate.
B.
The nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group.
C.
The reaction rate depends only on the concentration of the nucleophile.
D.
The reaction occurs in a single step with a trigonal planar transition state.
Show solution
Solution
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the substrate from the side opposite to the leaving group, leading to a backside attack.
Correct Answer:
B
— The nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group.
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Q. In the nitration of benzene, what is the role of sulfuric acid?
A.
Nucleophile
B.
Electrophile
C.
Catalyst
D.
Solvent
Show solution
Solution
Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in the generation of the nitronium ion (NO2+), the active electrophile in the nitration reaction.
Correct Answer:
C
— Catalyst
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Q. In the nitration of benzene, which reagent is used to generate the electrophile?
A.
HNO3
B.
H2SO4
C.
NO2+
D.
HCl
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Solution
The electrophile in the nitration of benzene is the nitronium ion (NO2+), generated from the reaction of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Correct Answer:
C
— NO2+
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Q. In the nitration of benzene, which reagent is used to generate the nitronium ion?
A.
HNO3
B.
H2SO4
C.
HCl
D.
NaNO2
Show solution
Solution
In the nitration of benzene, concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+) from nitric acid (HNO3).
Correct Answer:
B
— H2SO4
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