Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access.

Fabrication refers to the manufacturing process of creating integrated circuits on semiconductor wafers.

Fan-out refers to the number of inputs that a single output can drive without degrading the signal.

Fan-out refers to the number of inputs that a single output can drive without degrading the signal.

Functional dependency means that one attribute uniquely determines another attribute in a relation.

Handoff refers to the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell tower to another as a user moves through the coverage area.

Horizontal partitioning refers to dividing a database into smaller databases based on rows, which can improve performance and manageability.

Latency refers to the time delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer.

Pinch-off occurs when the gate voltage is sufficiently negative to deplete the channel of charge carriers, limiting the drain current.

The term 'programmable' indicates that the device can be configured by the user to perform specific logic functions.

In PLDs, 'programming' refers to configuring the logic functions of the device to perform specific tasks.

Propagation delay is the time taken for a signal to travel through a circuit from input to output.

In the context of PLDs, 'reconfigurable' means the ability to change the logic functions after manufacturing, allowing for flexibility in design.

The sampling rate is the frequency at which an analog signal is sampled to convert it into a digital signal.

The sampling rate is the frequency at which an analog signal is sampled to convert it into a digital signal.

Scaling refers to the process of decreasing the size of components in integrated circuits, allowing for more transistors to fit on a chip.

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, which creates a secure connection over a less secure network, such as the Internet.

Ports in a blocking state do not forward traffic; they drop it to prevent loops.

Redundant links are blocked in STP to prevent loops while still allowing for failover if the active link fails.

During a shift operation, the bits in a shift register are shifted to the next position, either left or right.

In a step-down transformer, the current increases while the voltage decreases.

In an RL circuit, when the switch is closed, the current gradually increases due to the inductor's opposition to changes in current.

In a step-down transformer, the current in the secondary winding increases as the voltage decreases, maintaining power balance.

If the load resistance decreases, the current in the secondary winding of a transformer increases.

Inductors resist changes in current, so when voltage is removed, the current continues to flow for a short time.

When a shift register is reset, the data is cleared.

When the gate voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the drain current (Id) increases as the channel becomes more conductive.

When the current through an inductor is interrupted, the energy is released as a voltage spike.

At resonance, the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit becomes infinite due to the cancellation of reactive components.

At resonance, the impedance of a series RLC circuit is at its minimum value.