The photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light as it involves photons colliding with electrons.

The splitting of light into two rays in a birefringent material is known as double refraction.

Diffraction is the phenomenon that explains the bending of waves around obstacles and the spreading of waves when they pass through openings.

The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency (and wavelength) of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

The formation of a rainbow is primarily due to the refraction of light as it enters and exits water droplets in the atmosphere, along with reflection inside the droplets.

Rayleigh scattering is responsible for the polarization of light, especially in the atmosphere, as shorter wavelengths scatter more than longer wavelengths.

Surface tension allows the needle to float on water, as it creates a 'skin' on the surface that can support the weight of the needle.

Capillary action allows liquids to rise in narrow spaces, such as a straw, due to adhesive and cohesive forces.

A blizzard is characterized by a significant drop in temperature and heavy snowfall, often accompanied by strong winds.

Stratospheric warming is characterized by a sudden increase in temperature in the stratosphere.

Surface tension causes small droplets to minimize their surface area, resulting in a spherical shape.

The blue color of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering, which is a form of polarization.

Refraction occurs when a wave passes from one medium to another and changes speed, resulting in a change in direction.

Immanuel Kant introduced the concept of the 'categorical imperative' as a central element of his moral philosophy.

Francis Bacon's work in the early 17th century laid the foundation for the scientific method, emphasizing empirical evidence and experimentation, which later influenced the methodologies used in space exploration.

Consequentialism posits that the morality of an action is judged solely by its outcomes or consequences.

'Kick the bucket' is an idiom related to death, while the others are about social interactions or accuracy.

'Kick the bucket' refers to dying, while the others are positive or neutral idioms.

'Kick the bucket' is an idiom for dying, while the others are about taking action or starting something.

Catch a cold is not an idiom related to effort or social interaction.

Chlorophyll a is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis, absorbing light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll a is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis, absorbing light primarily in the blue and red wavelengths.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants their green color and is essential for photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb light energy.

Anthocyanins are pigments that give red, purple, and blue colors to many plants.

Anthocyanins are pigments that give red, purple, and blue colors to many plants, especially in fruits and flowers.

Jupiter has the highest gravitational acceleration among the planets in our solar system, approximately 24.79 m/s².

All of these plant groups exhibit alternation of generations, where both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages are present.

Pteridophytes reproduce through spores, which are produced in sporangia.

Auxins are responsible for maintaining apical dominance by inhibiting the growth of lateral buds.

Ethylene is the hormone responsible for the ripening of fruits and is produced in response to various stimuli.