Biology is the science of life — from the tiniest cell to the most complex human systems. This category is designed to support school students (Classes 6–12) as well as undergraduate (UG) learners with clear explanations, exam-focused content, and concept-building resources. You’ll find:
Concept-wise explanations aligned with NCERT and common UG syllabi
Important questions & answers for school exams, NEET foundation, and college tests
Human physiology, genetics, ecology, biotechnology, and cell biology explained simply
Practice questions, MCQs, and revision notes to strengthen understanding
Doubt-solving and conceptual clarity for competitive and academic success
Whether you’re preparing for school exams , building a strong base for NEET , or studying Biology at the undergraduate level , this section helps you learn smarter, revise faster, and understand Biology deeply — not just memorize it.
Learn life sciences the right way — clear concepts, exam relevance, and real understanding.
Q. What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in plants?
A.
Lactic acid
B.
Ethanol
C.
Carbon dioxide
D.
Glucose
Show solution
Solution
The end product of anaerobic respiration in plants is ethanol, which is produced when oxygen is not available.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ethanol
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Q. What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Glucose
C.
NADPH
D.
ATP
Show solution
Solution
The end product of the Calvin cycle is glucose.
Correct Answer:
B
— Glucose
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Q. What is the expected genotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa)?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
1:2:1
D.
9:3:3:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) is 1:2:1, representing the possible combinations of alleles.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1:2:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross?
A.
1:2:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1:1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer:
C
— 9:3:3:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
A.
1:2:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross of Aa x Aa is 1:2:1.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1:2:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
1:2:1
D.
9:3:3:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1:2:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?
A.
1:2:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1:2:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:2:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer:
C
— 9:3:3:1
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Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
1:2:1
D.
9:3:3:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.
Correct Answer:
C
— 1:2:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross?
A.
3:1
B.
1:2:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross is 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.
Correct Answer:
A
— 3:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?
A.
3:1
B.
1:2:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1
Show solution
Solution
In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.
Correct Answer:
A
— 3:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous plants?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:2:1
Show solution
Solution
In a monohybrid cross (Aa x Aa), the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring is 3:1, where 3 exhibit the dominant trait and 1 exhibits the recessive trait.
Correct Answer:
B
— 3:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a monohybrid cross?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:2:1
Show solution
Solution
In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.
Correct Answer:
B
— 3:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (AaBb x AaBb)?
A.
3:1
B.
9:3:3:1
C.
1:2:1
D.
1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer:
B
— 9:3:3:1
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Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a test cross involving a heterozygous individual?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:2:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio of a test cross involving a heterozygous individual is 1:1, as it is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.
Correct Answer:
A
— 1:1
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Q. What is the function of a promoter in gene expression?
A.
To enhance transcription
B.
To initiate transcription
C.
To terminate transcription
D.
To bind ribosomes
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Solution
A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.
Correct Answer:
B
— To initiate transcription
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Q. What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
A.
To transport blood to the heart
B.
To exchange nutrients and waste
C.
To store blood
D.
To regulate blood pressure
Show solution
Solution
Capillaries are small blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.
Correct Answer:
B
— To exchange nutrients and waste
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Q. What is the function of collenchyma cells in plants?
A.
Storage of starch
B.
Transport of nutrients
C.
Providing flexible support
D.
Photosynthesis
Show solution
Solution
Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.
Correct Answer:
C
— Providing flexible support
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Q. What is the function of collenchyma cells?
A.
Transport water
B.
Provide flexible support
C.
Store nutrients
D.
Conduct photosynthesis
Show solution
Solution
Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves.
Correct Answer:
B
— Provide flexible support
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Q. What is the function of guard cells in plant leaves?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Water storage
C.
Regulating gas exchange
D.
Nutrient transport
Show solution
Solution
Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata, controlling gas exchange and water loss.
Correct Answer:
C
— Regulating gas exchange
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Q. What is the function of memory B cells?
A.
To produce antibodies immediately
B.
To remember past infections
C.
To activate T cells
D.
To phagocytize pathogens
Show solution
Solution
Memory B cells are responsible for remembering past infections and can quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Correct Answer:
B
— To remember past infections
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Q. What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?
A.
To produce immediate immune responses
B.
To remember past infections and respond quickly upon re-exposure
C.
To activate macrophages
D.
To secrete cytokines
Show solution
Solution
Memory cells are long-lived cells that remember past infections and enable a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Correct Answer:
B
— To remember past infections and respond quickly upon re-exposure
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Q. What is the function of memory T cells?
A.
Immediate response to pathogens
B.
Long-term immunity
C.
Production of antibodies
D.
Activation of macrophages
Show solution
Solution
Memory T cells provide long-term immunity by remaining in the body after an infection and responding more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Correct Answer:
B
— Long-term immunity
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Q. What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
A.
To carry amino acids
B.
To store genetic information
C.
To transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
D.
To catalyze biochemical reactions
Show solution
Solution
Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as the template that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Correct Answer:
C
— To transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
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Q. What is the function of red blood cells?
A.
To fight infections
B.
To transport oxygen
C.
To clot blood
D.
To regulate body temperature
Show solution
Solution
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Correct Answer:
B
— To transport oxygen
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Q. What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A.
Carries genetic information
B.
Forms the core of ribosome structure
C.
Transports amino acids
D.
Catalyzes peptide bond formation
Show solution
Solution
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structural and functional core of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Forms the core of ribosome structure
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Q. What is the function of ribosomes in plant cells?
A.
Energy production
B.
Photosynthesis
C.
Protein synthesis
D.
Cell division
Show solution
Solution
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.
Correct Answer:
C
— Protein synthesis
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Q. What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
A.
To transcribe DNA
B.
To translate mRNA into proteins
C.
To replicate DNA
D.
To splice RNA
Show solution
Solution
Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that translate mRNA into proteins by facilitating the assembly of amino acids.
Correct Answer:
B
— To translate mRNA into proteins
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Q. What is the function of ribosomes in the process of translation?
A.
To synthesize DNA
B.
To provide a site for protein synthesis
C.
To transport RNA
D.
To degrade proteins
Show solution
Solution
Ribosomes serve as the site of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a site for protein synthesis
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Q. What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
A.
To replicate DNA
B.
To synthesize RNA from a DNA template
C.
To splice RNA
D.
To translate mRNA into protein
Show solution
Solution
RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by transcribing the genetic information from a DNA template.
Correct Answer:
B
— To synthesize RNA from a DNA template
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