The impedance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is given by Z_C = 1 / (jωC), where ω = 2πf is the angular frequency.

Impedance Z = √(R^2 + X_L^2) = √(10^2 + 3^2) = √(100 + 9) = √109 ≈ 13Ω.

Impedance Z = √(R^2 + (XL)^2), where XL = 2πfL. Assuming L = 5Ω, Z = √(10^2 + (2π*60*5)^2) = 12.25Ω.

The impedance (Z) is calculated using Z = √(R^2 + (X_L)^2). The inductive reactance X_L = 2πfL, where L = 3Ω. Therefore, Z = √(4^2 + 3^2) = √(16 + 9) = √25 = 5Ω.

Z = R + jX = 4Ω + j18Ω; |Z| = √(4^2 + 18^2) = √(16 + 324) = √340 = 18.44Ω.

Impedance in series is Z = R + jXL. If XL = 2π(50)(L) = 4Ω, then Z = 6Ω + j4Ω. The magnitude is √(6² + 4²) = 7.21Ω.

Impedance (Z) is calculated using the formula Z = √(R^2 + X^2), so Z = √(3^2 + 4^2) = 5 ohms.

In a purely resistive circuit, the impedance (Z) is equal to the resistance (R), as there is no reactance involved.

FETs are known for their high input impedance, which makes them suitable for use in high-impedance applications.

The integral action in a PID controller accumulates the error over time, which helps eliminate steady-state error.

Field Effect Transistors (FETs) have a higher input impedance compared to BJTs, making them suitable for high-impedance applications.

MOSFETs typically have lower power consumption due to their voltage-driven operation compared to current-driven BJTs.

PWM technique improves the efficiency of converters by controlling the output voltage and reducing losses.

Schottky diodes have a lower forward voltage drop compared to standard diodes, making them efficient for high-speed applications.

A three-phase transformer is generally more efficient, cost-effective, and compact compared to using three separate single-phase transformers.

A three-phase transmission system is more efficient than single-phase systems, allowing for better power transfer and reduced losses.

Vacuum circuit breakers offer low cost, high insulation strength, and compact size, making them advantageous in many applications.

Autotransformers are more efficient, cost-effective, and smaller in size compared to conventional transformers.

Combined cycle gas plants have higher efficiency because they utilize both gas and steam turbines to generate electricity.

FETs generally have lower noise levels compared to BJTs, making them suitable for modulation.

FETs have a higher input impedance compared to BJTs, making them suitable for high-impedance applications.

Gas turbines offer high efficiency at low loads, low emissions, and the ability to start quickly, making them a versatile choice for power generation.

Using high voltage reduces current flow for the same power level, which in turn reduces resistive power losses in the transmission line.

MOSFETs generally have lower power consumption compared to BJTs, making them more efficient in many applications.

Natural gas is favored for power generation due to its lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to coal.

Solar power has low operational costs after installation, as sunlight is free and abundant, making it economically advantageous.

Vacuum circuit breakers are known for their high reliability and maintenance-free operation due to the vacuum environment.

Wind power is a renewable and sustainable energy source, making it a significant advantage in the context of reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Wind turbines harness wind energy, which is a renewable energy source, making them environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Energy losses in transformers are caused by copper losses, iron losses, and stray losses.