RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA by transcribing the DNA template during the process of transcription.

Beta-galactosidase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose in E. coli.

All of the above factors can affect the resolution in HPLC, influencing the separation quality of analytes.

All of the above factors can affect the resolution of a gas chromatography separation.

All of the above factors can significantly affect the yield of protein purification.

The color of the sample does not affect the separation in chromatography.

Insulin is the hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

Cytotoxic T cells are specialized in recognizing and destroying virus-infected cells.

The adaptive immune response is primarily activated by the presence of antigens.

Western blotting is used to separate proteins based on their size and then detect specific proteins using antibodies.

Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent dyes to visualize the presence and location of specific proteins or antigens in cells.

Denaturation can affect all levels of protein structure, particularly secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as 'bad cholesterol' because it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Lipids, particularly phospholipids, form the structural basis of cell membranes.

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for cells.

The urea cycle is primarily responsible for the detoxification of ammonia in the liver, converting it to urea.

Both mass spectrometry and Western blotting can be used to assess the purity of a protein sample.

Selenium is an important antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress.

Calcium is vital for the development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth.

Zinc is important for collagen synthesis, which is vital for skin, bone, and connective tissue health.

Potassium is essential for nerve transmission and helps maintain proper nerve function.

Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

NAD+ acts as the electron carrier, being reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Glucagon is a key regulator that promotes fatty acid oxidation during fasting by activating lipolysis.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a well-known second messenger that transmits signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell.

Acetyl-CoA is produced as a byproduct of fatty acid oxidation and can enter the citric acid cycle.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of the cell, used to store and transfer energy.

Acetyl-CoA is the starting substrate for the TCA cycle, combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate.