The argument is weak because having lungs does not exclusively mean that an animal is a mammal.

The argument is strong because it correctly states that whales, being mammals, must have lungs.

The argument is invalid because while all squares are rectangles, not all rectangles are squares.

The argument is strong because it correctly states that squares are a specific type of rectangle.

The assumption is invalid because the statement implies that all students will submit on time, contradicting the assumption.

If eating fruits improves health, it implies that fruits must be healthy.

While eating fruits is good for health, it does not imply that all healthy diets must include fruits.

The assumption is probably true as it suggests a correlation, but it is not a certainty.

The assumption does not contradict the statement; it simply acknowledges that not all students study hard.

The assumption that mental health is a concern validates the statement about the benefits of exercise.

The assumption is probably true as exercise is linked to improved mental health, but it does not apply to everyone.

The assumption that a healthy lifestyle leads to longevity supports the statement about exercise.

The assumption is valid as it suggests that if exercise is essential, then the lack of it among many people is a concern.

The assumption is true and does not contradict the statement; it simply indicates that education is not exclusive to teachers.

The assumption does not necessarily follow from the statement; the ground could be wet for other reasons.

The assumption is irrelevant because the preference for online classes does not imply their effectiveness.

An increase in public transport usage suggests that it is becoming more efficient, supporting the assumption.

The argument is weak because the statement does not support the conclusion that all mammals are birds.

The argument is invalid because the statement only indicates that no birds are mammals, not that all mammals cannot be birds.

The argument is strong because it correctly reflects the statement that no dogs are cats.

The argument is strong because it logically follows that if no fish are mammals, some mammals cannot be fish.

The argument is strong because it logically follows from the statement that no mammals lay eggs.

The argument is valid because if no reptiles are mammals, it follows that some mammals cannot be reptiles.

The argument is weak because the statement clearly states that no reptiles are mammals, making the conclusion false.

If many students prefer online learning, it supports the effectiveness of online education.

The assumption is probably true as knowledge often contributes to success, but it is not an absolute fact.

The assumption that knowledge is important for success supports the statement about reading books.

The assumption that knowledge is important supports the statement about reading books.

The assumption is valid as improving vocabulary is generally accepted as beneficial for effective communication.

The argument is weak because it generalizes that all birds can swim based on the fact that some can.