The Analytical Techniques section focuses on the methods and instruments used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, essential for understanding experimental chemistry, material characterization, and laboratory diagnostics. This module is designed for school (Class 11–12) and undergraduate students, with strong emphasis on conceptual clarity, instrumentation basics, and exam relevance.
In this section, you will study:
Classical analytical methods – qualitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis
Spectroscopic techniques – UV–Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NMR (introductory level), and mass spectrometry
Chromatographic methods – paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC (basics)
Electroanalytical techniques – conductometry, potentiometry, pH measurement, and electrochemical cells
Thermal and surface analysis (introductory) – TGA, DTA, and DSC (UG level)
Instrumentation principles – working, components, and applications
Data interpretation – spectra analysis, peak identification, and quantitative calculations
NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations, supported by diagrams, numericals, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, and PYQs
The content is structured to bridge theory with laboratory practice, strengthen analytical and interpretation skills, and help students confidently answer instrumentation- and application-based questions in school and undergraduate examinations.
Develop a systematic and practical understanding of Analytical Techniques to master this crucial area of modern Chemistry.
Q. In a qualitative analysis using paper chromatography, which factor primarily affects the separation of ions?
A.
Temperature
B.
Solvent polarity
C.
pH of the solution
D.
Ion concentration
Solution
The solvent polarity is the primary factor affecting the separation of ions in paper chromatography, as it influences the interaction between the stationary phase and the ions.
Q. In a qualitative analysis using paper chromatography, which factor primarily affects the Rf value of a substance?
A.
Solvent polarity
B.
Temperature
C.
pH of the solution
D.
Molecular weight
Solution
The Rf value is primarily affected by the polarity of the solvent used in paper chromatography, as it influences the interaction between the stationary phase and the analyte.
Q. In a titration curve, what does the steepest slope indicate?
A.
The equivalence point
B.
The endpoint
C.
The initial pH
D.
The final pH
Solution
The steepest slope in a titration curve indicates the equivalence point, where the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the analyte.
Q. In a titration to determine the presence of acetic acid, which indicator would be most appropriate?
A.
Phenolphthalein
B.
Methyl orange
C.
Bromothymol blue
D.
Litmus
Solution
Phenolphthalein is the most appropriate indicator for titrating weak acids like acetic acid against strong bases, as it changes color at the relevant pH range.
Q. In a titration to determine the presence of chloride ions, which indicator is typically used?
A.
Phenolphthalein
B.
Methyl Orange
C.
Silver Nitrate
D.
Potassium Chromate
Solution
Potassium Chromate is used as an indicator in titrations involving silver nitrate to detect chloride ions, forming a red precipitate of silver chromate.
Q. In electrophoresis, what determines the direction of ion movement?
A.
Molecular weight
B.
Charge of the ion
C.
Solubility
D.
Temperature
Solution
The direction of ion movement in electrophoresis is determined by the charge of the ion; cations move towards the cathode and anions towards the anode.
Q. In gas chromatography, what is the role of the stationary phase?
A.
To vaporize the sample
B.
To separate components based on volatility
C.
To provide a surface for interaction with analytes
D.
To detect the components
Solution
The stationary phase in gas chromatography provides a surface for interaction with the analytes, allowing for separation based on their different affinities.
Correct Answer:
C
— To provide a surface for interaction with analytes
