The 8051 microcontroller has 2 available 16-bit timers/counters.

The 8051 microcontroller has 32 general-purpose 8-bit registers.

A byte consists of 8 bits.

The 8051 microcontroller supports 2 external interrupts.

An Ex-OR gate can have any number of inputs, but it is commonly used with 2 inputs.

An 8-to-1 multiplexer has 1 output, which is selected from 8 different input lines.

A 16-to-1 multiplexer requires 4 select lines because 2^4 = 16.

A 3-bit counter can represent 2^3 = 8 different states.

The output of A XOR B is 1 when A = 1 and B = 0.

An OR gate outputs true if at least one input is true; since both are true, the output is true.

The Ex-NOR gate outputs 0 when the inputs are different (A=0, B=1).

A 4-bit binary counter can represent values from 0 to 15, making the maximum count 15.

A 4-bit binary number can represent values from 0 to 15, so the maximum is 15.

A 4-bit shift register can hold exactly 4 bits of data.

A 4-to-1 multiplexer requires 2 select lines to choose one of the four input lines.

The threshold pin detects when the capacitor voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage, which affects the output state.

A monostable 555 timer is triggered by a falling edge on the trigger pin, which causes the output to go high for a specified duration.

The discharge pin (Pin 7) is used to discharge the timing capacitor when the output goes low, allowing the timer to reset for the next cycle.

A 3-bit counter can represent values from 0 to 7, which is a total of 8 states.

The maximum count for a 4-bit counter is 2^4 - 1 = 15.

The binary number 1011 is equal to 1*2^3 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 1*2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11.

In a bistable multivibrator, the output state is changed by applying a trigger to the trigger pin.

The output of an Ex-OR gate is 0 when both inputs are 0.

The Ex-OR gate outputs 0 when both inputs are the same, which is 1 in this case.

The output of an Ex-NOR gate is 1 when both inputs are 1.

A signal is used to indicate a state or condition within a circuit, such as on/off or high/low.

Propagation delay is the time taken for the output to stabilize after the input has changed.

Multiplexers are used to select one of many input signals and forward the selected input to a single output line.

Multiplexers are used to select one of many input signals and forward the selected input to a single output line.

Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at a rate lower than twice its highest frequency, causing different signals to become indistinguishable.